00603nas a2200181 4500008004100000022001300041245013800054210006900192653001600261653001300277653001400290653001600304653001400320653001600334100001400350700001400364856004300378 2017 eng d a0947574500a3D printing in zoological systematics: Integrative taxonomy of Labrys chinensis gen. nov., sp. nov. (Nematoda: Tylenchomorpha)0 a3D printing in zoological systematics Integrative taxonomy of iL10a3d modeling10aNEMATODE10anew genus10anew species10aphylogeny10aTylenchidae1 aQing, Xue1 aBert, Wim uhttp://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/jzs.1219101530nas a2200289 4500008004100000020001400041245011200055210006900167300001000236490000800246520070200254653001200956653003100968653002000999653001501019653001301034653001601047653002101063653001701084653002401101653000801125653001501133653001701148100001301165700001601178856004601194 2000 eng d a0777-627600aNematode species of the order Tylenchida, new to the Belgian Nematofauna with additional morphological data0 aNematode species of the order Tylenchida new to the Belgian Nema a47-570 v1303 aTen nematode species belonging to the order Tylenchida were recorded for the first time in Belgium: Tylenchus arcuatus, Coslenchus polonicus, Basiria graminophila, Cephalenchus leptus, PI Pratylenchus flakkensis, Hirschmanniella loofi, Hirschmanniella gracilis, Helicotylenchus varicaudatus, Paratylenchus similis and Gracilacus aculenta. The genera Cephalenchus and Hirschmanniella are first genera records. For each species, morphometrical and morphological information is presented. Special attention has been given to the female reproductive system. The nematofauna review of the Nematofauna of Belgium (COOMANs, 1989) has been updated: records from our study as well as from others were added10aBelgium10afemale reproductive system10aHirschmanniella10amorphology10aNEMATODE10anematofauna10aORDER TYLENCHIDA10aPratylenchus10aREPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM10aSEM10aTYLENCHIDA10aTYLENCHOIDEA1 aBert, W.1 aGeraert, E. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/22302021nas a2200325 4500008004100000020001400041245012900055210006900184300001200253490000700265520110400272653002601376653002401402653001301426653001701439653001901456653001801475653001201493653001501505653001501520653001301535653001401548653000901562653002101571653001001592653001901602100001501621700001301636856004601649 2002 eng d a0022-300X00aVideo capture and editing as a tool for the storage, distribution, and illustration of morphological characters of nematodes0 aVideo capture and editing as a tool for the storage distribution a296-3020 v343 aMorphological identification and detailed observation of nematodes usually requires permanent slides, but these are never truly permanent and often prevent the same specimens to be used for other purposes. To efficiently record the morphology of nematodes in a format that allows easy archiving, editing, and distribution, we have assembled two micrographic video capture and editing (VCE) configurations. These assemblies allow production of short video clips that mimic multifocal observation of nematode specimens through a light microscope. Images so obtained can be used for training, management, and online access of "virtual voucher specimens" in taxonomic collections, routine screening of fixed or unfixed specimens, recording of ephemeral staining patterns, or recording of freshly dissected internal organs prior to their decomposition. We provide an overview of the components and operation of both of our systems and evaluate their efficiency and image quality. We conclude that VCE is a highly versatile approach that is likely to become widely used in nematology research and teaching10acomputer applications10aCONFOCAL MICROSCOPY10aDATABASE10adistribution10aIDENTIFICATION10aimage editing10amethods10amicroscopy10amorphology10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aTOOL10atype collections10avideo10aWorld Wide Web1 aDe Ley, P.1 aBert, W. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/19801664nas a2200457 4500008004100000020001400041245005600055210005500111300001000166490000700176520055300183653002000736653001500756653002700771653001300798653001600811653001100827653001500838653001900853653001300872653001200885653001800897653001500915653001800930653001300948653000900961653000800970653001500978653001800993653001301011653001401024653001101038653001401049653001101063100001801074700001601092700001501108700001601123700002101139856004601160 2004 eng d a0869-691800aMorphology of some cyst-forming nematodes from Iran0 aMorphology of some cystforming nematodes from Iran a59-770 v123 aA survey conducted to identify cyst-forming nematodes in Iran revealed the presence of species belonging to the genera Heterodera and Cactodera. Heterodera elachista, H. fici, H. glycines, H. goettingiana, H. humuli, H. turcomanica and Cactodera cacti obtained from different plants and regions are described for the first time from Iran. Morphological features and morphometric characters with comparative details for these species as well as for H. mothi are presented and the relationship of some of the species with similar species is discussed10aCactodera cacti10aCHARACTERS10aCYST-FORMING NEMATODES10aGLYCINES10aH.elachista10aH.fici10aH.glycines10aH.goettingiana10aH.humuli10aH.mothi10aH.turcomanica10aHETERODERA10aHETERODERIDAE10aIDENTITY10aIran10aKEY10amorphology10aN-SP NEMATODA10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aPLANTS10aSEQUENCES10aSurvey1 aMaafi, Z., T.1 aSturhan, D.1 aKheiri, A.1 aGeraert, E.1 aSubbotin, S., A. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/17401319nas a2200313 4500008004100000020001400041245007500055210006900130300001200199490000700211520051100218653001100729653001400740653001500754653001200769653001400781653000900795653001800804653002100822653002000843653000900863653001300872653001400885653002000899653001400919653001000933100001600943856004600959 2004 eng d a0214-628200aConstant and continuous growth reduction as a possible cause of ageing0 aConstant and continuous growth reduction as a possible cause of a271-2740 v483 aPost-embryonic growth is characterized by a constant reduction of some growth parameters in relation to other growth parameters. Comparison of growth in chickens, rats and nematodes reveals an identical growth pattern, so a theory about the growth process in general is presented. It is presumed that the same growth promoting and growth inhibiting substances regulate not only growth but also ageing and that it is the equilibrium between growth promoters and growth inhibitors which is constantly changed10aageing10aallometry10aBODY-WIDTH10achicken10aESOPHAGUS10aFORM10aGENERAL-MODEL10agrowth inhibitor10agrowth promoter10aLAWS10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aparabolic curve10arat skull10aSPAIN1 aGeraert, E. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/17602209nas a2200433 4500008004100000020001400041245014300055210006900198300001200267490000600279520106900285653001301354653001701367653001401384653001101398653001501409653001001424653001001434653001301444653001301457653001401470653001401484653001401498653001601512653001601528653001401544653002401558653001501582653001301597653001301610653001301623653000901636100001301645700001901658700002201677700001501699700001501714856004601729 2003 eng d a1388-554500aBaujardia mirabilis gen. n., sp n. from pitcher plants and its phylogenetic position within Panagrolaimidae (Nematoda : Rhabditida)0 aiBaujardia mirabilisi gen n sp n from pitcher plants and its phy a405-4200 v53 aMeasurements. line drawings and scanning electromicrographs are provided of Baujardia mirabilis gen. n., sp. n., isolated from pitcher fluid of Nepenthes mirabilis from Thailand. The new genus differs from all known nematodes in having two opposing and offset spermatheca-like pouches at the junction of oviduct and uterus. It also differs from most known Rhabditida in having four cephalic setae instead of papillae. Phylogenetic analysis of small subunit rDNA sequence data robustly places the new genus within Panagrolaimidae as a sister taxon to Panagrellus. These unusual nematodes resemble Panagrellus in body size (1.8-2.7 mill in females, 1.3-1.9 mm in males) and in the monodelphic, prodelphic female reproductive system with thickened vaginal walls and prominent postvulval sac. However. they differ from Panagrellus in the characters mentioned above, in their comparatively longer stegostom and in the shape of the male spicules. Because of its aberrant characters, inclusion of this new genus in Panagrolaimidae requires changes to the family diagnosis10aanalysis10aCEPHALOBIDAE10aEvolution10aFAMILY10afreshwater10aGENUS10aMODEL10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aNepenthes10anew genus10anew species10aPanagrellus10aphylogeny10aREPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM10aRHABDITIDA10aSEQUENCE10ataxonomy10aThailand10aTOOL1 aBert, W.1 aDe Ley, I., T.1 aVan Driessche, R.1 aSegers, H.1 aDe Ley, P. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/18803404nas a2200553 4500008004100000020001400041245010300055210006900158300001200227490000600239520197700245653001702222653001902239653002702258653002702285653001502312653001002327653001702337653001502354653001602369653001702385653001402402653001102416653001002427653001302437653001802450653001302468653001502481653001002496653001302506653001302519653001402532653001502546653003002561653001602591653001502607653001802622653002402640653001602664653001102680653001502691653001102706100001302717700001802730700001802748700002102766700001702787856004602804 2007 eng d a1388-554500aThe somatic female gonad of Cephalobidae (Nematoda): cellular architecture and associated function0 asomatic female gonad of Cephalobidae Nematoda cellular architect a285-2970 v93 aThe female reproductive system of the free-living nematode family Cephalobidae is examined by means of differential interference contrast, scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the predatory nematode Prionchulus punctatus are also included in this study; the former mainly to test our results with the very detailed knowledge of this model organism, the latter to provide a representative of the more distantly related Enoplea. In this comparative approach, the analysed gonad structures are discussed with respect to their functional and phylogenetic significance. The general cellular composition of the cephalobid gonad - namely an oviduct comprising two rows of four cells, a distinctly offset spermatheca consisting of 8-16 cells, and a uterus composed of distinct cell rows - differs from all known Nematoda except that of the plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. Despite the striking evolutionary conservation of the cellular architecture of the cephalobid gonad there is a complex subcellular specialisation, namely a significant and functionally relevant variation in myofilament organisation, both among Cephalobidae and between major groups of nematodes. We demonstrate the presence of microfilaments that vary in pattern among species and that may play an important role in egg propulsion. The phenomenon of endotokia matricida, in which eggs do not leave the female body, is found to be associated with a massive rupture of the cytoskeleton in the uterus wall. The complexity of the myofibril structure and the associated potential to propagate oocytes actively cannot be solely explained by differences in phylogenetic history, but is also linked to body diameter. In the larger Acrobeloides maximus, the proximal end of the ovary sheath is adorned with 12 distinct longitudinal bands, antibody binding positively for paramyosin, while in the smaller Cephalobus cubaensis myofilament organisation is at random10aAcrobeloides10aCaenorhabditis10aCaenorhabditis elegans10acaenorhabditis-elegans10aCALIFORNIA10aCELLS10aCEPHALOBIDAE10aCephalobus10aChiloplacus10acytoskeleton10aEvolution10aFAMILY10agonad10agonoduct10aHERMAPHRODITE10aLINEAGES10amicroscopy10aMODEL10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aparamyosin10aPHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE10aPrionchulus10apropulsion10aREDESCRIPTION10aREPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM10aSPERMATHECA10aTHORNE10aTYLENCHIDA10aZeldia1 aBert, W.1 aVangestel, S.1 aHouthoofd, W.1 aVan Gansbeke, R.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/14902835nas a2200421 4500008004100000020001400041245004900055210004900104300001100153490000800164520172100172653002201893653001401915653003101929653001101960653002601971653001501997653001702012653001902029653001402048653003202062653001302094653001302107653001402120653003202134653000902166653002602175653002202201653003302223653001502256100001302271700001702284700001802301700001602319700001502335700001702350856004602367 2007 eng d a0018-815800aNematode communities of small farmland ponds0 aNematode communities of small farmland ponds a91-1050 v5833 aThe nematofauna of 14 farmland ponds, selected according to a gradient of surrounding agricultural land-use intensity, from five regions in North-West of Belgium were studied. The total nematode density (9-411 ind./10 cm(2) per pond), and especially the number of species (4-12 species per pond) was especially low in these ponds. In total, 17 genera of free-living benthic nematodes, belonging to 15 families, are identified. Tobrilus gracilis and Eumonhystera filiformis were the most common species and were found in 13 and 12 of the 14 sampled ponds, respectively. The genera Tobrilus and Eumonhystera jointly comprise 77% of the total nematofauna. Consequently, the investigated water bodies were dominated by deposit feeding Monhysteridae and/or by chewing Tobrilidae. Diplogasteridae and Rhabditidae, normally related with eutrophic habitats, were almost absent. In order to explain the variation of total density, diversity, feeding-types composition and the individual density of the six most important species within ponds as well, sets of environmental variables were statistically selected. It was demonstrated that morphologically very similar species can show highly different ecological properties. The presence of a substantial mud layer and of an overall high level of eutrophication as well as the presence of possibly associated anaerobic conditions are put forward as the main factors explaining the observed low density and diversity. Total phosphate concentration and sediment characteristics seem to be the most important variables to explain the nematode community structure. However, a clear pattern of environmental variables, agricultural land use and nematode assemblages was not observed10aBENTHIC NEMATODES10adiversity10aECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS10aFAMILY10aFREE-LIVING NEMATODES10afreshwater10aLIFE-HISTORY10aMATURITY INDEX10ameiofauna10aNATIONAL-PARK BERCHTESGADEN10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aOLIGOTROPHIC LAKE KONIGSSEE10apool10aSEASONAL DISTRIBUTION10aSOUTHWEST GERMANY10aSUBMOUNTAIN CARBONATE STREAM10awater body1 aBert, W.1 aMessiaen, M.1 aHendrickx, F.1 aManhout, J.1 aDe Bie, T.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/15002532nas a2200373 4500008004100000020001400041245005400055210005400109300001200163490000600175520158400181653001401765653001901779653002701798653002701825653001001852653001801862653002701880653001401907653000901921653001401930653001501944653001001959653001301969653001401982653001801996100001802014700001602032700001802048700001602066700001302082700001702095856004602112 2006 eng d a1520-541X00aDifferent roads to form the same gut in nematodes0 aDifferent roads to form the same gut in nematodes a362-3690 v83 aThe morphogenesis of a gut from the endoderm has been well studied among the animal kingdom and is also well described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. But are there other ways to build a nematode intestine? Sulston et al. (1983) described a different intestinal cell lineage in the species Panagrellus redivivus and Turbatrix aceti that includes two programmed cell deaths. However, no details are known about the three-dimensional (3D) configuration and the role of the cell deaths. Here, we describe the intestinal morphogenesis of P. redivivus and five other nematode species by means of four-dimensional microscopy, which gives us a 3D representation of gut formation at the cellular level. The morphological pathway of gut formation is highly conserved among these distantly related species. However, we found the P. redivivus pattern in another related species Halicephalobus gingivalis. In this pattern, the intestinal precursors migrate inward in concert with the mesoderm precursors. Based on the observations, we propose a hypothesis that could explain the differences. The positions of the mesoderm precursors create a possible spatial constraint, by which the establishment of bilateral symmetry in the intestine is delayed. This symmetry is corrected by cell migrations; other cells are eliminated and compensated by supplementary cell divisions. This pattern leads to the same result as in the other nematodes: a bilateral symmetrical intestine with nine rings. This illustrates how conserved body plans can be achieved by different developmental mechanisms10aC-ELEGANS10aCaenorhabditis10aCaenorhabditis elegans10acaenorhabditis-elegans10aCELLS10aEMBRYOGENESIS10aEMBRYONIC-CELL LINEAGE10aEvolution10aFATE10aINDUCTION10amicroscopy10aMODEL10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aSPECIFICATION1 aHouthoofd, W.1 aWillems, M.1 aVangestel, S.1 aMertens, C.1 aBert, W.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/15301518nas a2200241 4500008004100000020001400041245009500055210006900150300001200219490000700231520084800238653001401086653001301100653001401113653000901127653001301136100001301149700001701162700001601179700001801195700001701213856004601230 2006 eng d a0022-339500aEvolutionary loss of parasitism by nematodes? Discovery of a free-living filaroid nematode0 aEvolutionary loss of parasitism by nematodes Discovery of a free a645-6470 v923 aA cattle-drinking pool in nature reserve "Zwin" on the Belgian coast contained free-living third-stage infective filaroid juveniles. These juveniles clearly differ morphologically from all known nematodes. Morphological and molecular analyses indicate a position within the Filaroidea. The aberrant biology of this nematode, namely. a free-living stage in ail aquatic environment. is unknown within this superfamily. and the evolution of the parasitic phenotype to a free-living state is generally thought to be unlikely. However, the obtained placement in the small subunit molecular phylogenetic tree suggests that this free-living stage is most likely a secondary adaptation. It is reasonable to assert that nematodes with complex life cycles still have the genetic potential for a reversion from parasitism to a (partial) free-living stage10aEvolution10aNEMATODE10anematodes10apool10aSEQUENCE1 aBert, W.1 aMessiaen, M.1 aManhout, J.1 aHouthoofd, W.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/15800555nas a2200193 4500008004100000020001400041245006900055210006900124300001200193490000700205653001300212653000900225100001300234700001700247700001800264700001600282700001700298856004600315 2006 eng d a0022-300X00aNematode communities of small pools in an agricultural landscape0 aNematode communities of small pools in an agricultural landscape a262-2620 v3810aNEMATODE10apool1 aBert, W.1 aMessiaen, M.1 aHendrickx, F.1 aManhout, J.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/15902458nas a2200445 4500008004100000020001400041245010800055210006900163300001200232490000700244520128700251653001301538653001901551653001001570653002401580653002401604653001401628653001901642653001001661653001301671653001801684653001601702653001401718653001501732653001501747653001301762653001301775653002101788653001601809653002401825653001601849653001301865653000801878653001601886653001901902100001301921700001501934700001701949856004601966 2006 eng d a0022-300X00aThe comparative cellular architecture of the female gonoduct among Tylenchoidea (Nematoda : Tylenchina)0 acomparative cellular architecture of the female gonoduct among T a362-3750 v383 aThe cellular architecture of the female gonoduct of 68 nematode populations representing 42 species belonging to Tylenchidae, Belonolaimidae, Hoplolaimidae and Meloinema is shown to have an overall similarity in cellular gonoduct structure. The oviduct consists of two rows of four cells; the spermatheca is comprised of 10 to 20 cells, and the uterus cells, except in the case of Psilenchus, are arranged in four (Tylenchidae) or three (Belonolaimidae, Hoplolaimidae and Meloinema) regular rows. Although the genus Meloinema is classified within Meloidogynidae, its spermatheca is clearly hoplolaimid-like and lacks the spherical shape with lobe-like protruding cells typical of Meloidogyne. Detailed morphology of expelled gonoducts may provide a valuable character set in phylogenctic analysis, and the cellular morphology of the spermatheca appears to be a distinguishing feature at species level, especially in the genera Tylenchus and Geocenamus. Ultrastructural data on the oviduct-spermatheca region of Meloidogvne incognita complement light-microscopic (LM) results. The combination of LM of expelled organs and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on selected sections is put for-ward as a powerful tool to combine three-dimensional knowledge with ultrastructural detail10aanalysis10aBelonolaimidae10aCELLS10aelectron microscopy10aELECTRON-MICROSCOPY10aEvolution10aGENITAL SYSTEM10aGENUS10agonoduct10aHoplolaimidae10aMELOIDOGYNE10aMeloinema10amicroscopy10amorphology10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10aORDER TYLENCHIDA10aPOPULATIONS10aREPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM10aSPERMATHECA10ataxonomy10aTEM10aTylenchidae10aultrastructure1 aBert, W.1 aClaeys, M.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/16004095nas a2200673 4500008004100000020001400041245010300055210006900158300001200227490000700239520226500246653001302511653003102524653003502555653002302590653001202613653001902625653002702644653001002671653002502681653001902706653002902725653002602754653001802780653002802798653001402826653001102840653001702851653001002868653001302878653001802891653002702909653001002936653002402946653001502970653001302985653001302998653001403011653001403025653001603039653001403055653003003069653001503099653001803114653001803132653003003150653001303180653001403193653001603207653001503223653001603238653002603254100001303280700001703293700002403310700002403334700001703358856004603375 2008 eng d a1055-790300aMolecular phylogeny of the Tylenchina and evolution of the female gonoduct (Nematoda : Rhabditida)0 aMolecular phylogeny of the Tylenchina and evolution of the femal a728-7440 v483 aTylenchina are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of nematode species that range from free-living bacteriovores, over transitory grazing root-hair feeders to highly specialized plant-parasites with complex host associations. We performed phylogenetic analyses of small subunit rDNA sequences from 97 species including an analysis that account for the RNA secondary structure in the models of evolution. The present study confirms the sister relationship of the bacteriovore Cephalobiclae with the predominantly plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. All analyses appoint the fungal-feeding Aphelenchidae and Aphelenchoididae as being polyphyletic but the morphology based hypothesis of their monophyly could not be significantly rejected. Within the Tylenchomorpha, the families that exclusively parasitize higher plants are joined in a single clade. However, only the monophyletic position of the (super)families Hoplolaimidae and Criconematoidea were supported; Anguinidae, Tylenchidae, Belonolaimidae and Pratylenchidae appeared to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstruction revealed that burrowing endoparasitism and sedentary encloparasitism each evolved, respectively, at least six and at least three times independently, mostly from migratory ectoparasitic ancestors. Only root-knot nematodes have evolved from burrowing endoparasitic nematodes. Traditional classifications are partially misled by this convergent evolution of feeding type and associated morphology. Contrastingly, mapping attributes of the gonoduct cellular architecture, including newly obtained data of 18 species belonging to the Aphelenchoidea, Criconematoidea, Anguinidae and Panagrolaimidae, revealed a broad congruence of the gonoduct characters and the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. Yet, the presence of an offset spermatheca and proliferation of uterus cells has evolved multiple times, the latter associated with derived endoparasitic feeding specialization and resulting reproduction mode. Ancestral state reconstruction further revealed that the gonoduct of the morphologically and ecologically dissimilar tylenchid and cephalobid nematodes evolved from a common ancestor. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved10aanalysis10aANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATES10aancestral state reconstruction10aBayesian inference10aBelgium10aBelonolaimidae10acaenorhabditis-elegans10aCELLS10aCEPHALOBINA NEMATODA10aCLASSIFICATION10aD2-D3 EXPANSION SEGMENTS10aDEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY10adoublet model10aEMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES10aEvolution10aFAMILY10afeeding type10agonad10agonoduct10aHoplolaimidae10along branch attraction10aMODEL10aMOLECULAR PHYLOGENY10amorphology10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aparsimony10aPHYLOGENIES10aphylogeny10aplant-parasitic nematodes10aRHABDITIDA10aribosomal DNA10aRIBOSOMAL-RNA10asecondary structure model10aSEQUENCE10aSEQUENCES10aSPERMATHECA10aTYLENCHIDA10aTylenchidae10aTYLENCHOIDEA NEMATODA1 aBert, W.1 aLeliaert, F.1 aVierstraete, A., R.1 aVanfleteren, J., R.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/13903769nas a2200673 4500008004100000020001400041245008900055210006900144300001200213490000700225520201100232653001602243653001302259653002302272653002302295653001602318653001902334653000802353653001602361653001202377653001402389653002002403653001402423653001802437653002602455653002102481653002202502653000902524653001302533653001302546653001402559653001402573653003202587653001602619653001402635653002002649653001502669653002302684653001602707653001402723653001302737653001602750653001302766100002202779700002102801700001502822700001902837700002402856700002402880700001302904700001702917700001402934700001802948700001902966700002002985700001903005700002503024856004603049 2007 eng d a1055-790300aAn improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa0 aimproved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphas a622-6360 v423 aPhylogenetic reconstructions of relations within the phylum Nematoda are inherently difficult but have been advanced with the introduction of large-scale molecular-based techniques. However, the most recent revisions were heavily biased towards terrestrial and parasitic species and greater representation of clades containing marine species (e.g. Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Desmodorida, Desmoscolecida, Enoplida, and Monhysterida) is needed for accurate coverage of known taxonomic diversity. We now add small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences for 100 previously un-sequenced species of nematodes, including 46 marine taxa. SSU rDNA sequences for > 200 taxa have been analysed based on Bayesian inference and LogDet-transformed distances. The resulting phylogenies provide support for (i) the re-classification of the Secernentea as the order Rhabditida that derived from a common ancestor of chromadorean orders Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Desmodorida, Desmoscolecida, and Monhysterida and (ii) the position of Bunonema close to the Diplogasteroidea in the Rhabditina. Other, previously controversial relationships can now be resolved more clearly: (a) Alaimus, Campydora, and Trischistoma belong in the Enoplida, (b) Isolaimium is placed basally to a big clade containing the Axonolaimidae, Plectidae, and Rhabditida, (c) Xyzzors belongs in the Desmodoridae, (d) Comesomatidae and Cyartonema belongs in the Monhysterida, (e) Globodera belongs in the Hoplolaimidae and (0 Paratylenchus dianeae belongs in the Criconematoidea. However, the SSU gene did not provide significant support for the class Chromadoria or clear evidence for the relationship between the three classes, Enoplia, Dorylaimia, and Chromadoria. Furthermore, across the whole phylum, the phylogenetically informative characters of the SSU gene are not informative in a parsimony analysis, highlighting the short-comings of the parsimony method for large-scale phylogenetic modelling. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved10aAdenophorea10aanalysis10aBayesian inference10aBAYESIAN-INFERENCE10aChromadorea10aCLASSIFICATION10aDNA10aDORYLAIMIDA10aEnoplea10aEvolution10aFOSSIL EVIDENCE10aGlobodera10aHoplolaimidae10aLogDet transformation10amarine nematodes10aMITOCHONDRIAL-DNA10aN-SP10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10anematodes10aparsimony10aphylogenetic reconstruction10aPHYLOGENIES10aphylogeny10aPHYLUM NEMATODA10aRHABDITIDA10aRIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE10aSecernentea10aSEQUENCES10aSSU rDNA10asystematics10ataxonomy1 aMeldal, B., H. M.1 aDebenham, N., J.1 aDe Ley, P.1 aDe Ley, I., T.1 aVanfleteren, J., R.1 aVierstraete, A., R.1 aBert, W.1 aBorgonie, G.1 aMoens, T.1 aTyler, P., A.1 aAusten, M., C.1 aBlaxter, M., L.1 aRogers, A., D.1 aLambshead, P., J. D. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/14101745nas a2200361 4500008004100000020001400041245008000055210006900135300001000204490000700214520076800221653001500989653001901004653002701023653001501050653002201065653002501087653002601112653002401138653001801162653001901180653000901199653001501208653000901223653001301232653001301245653001401258100001801272700001601290700001501306700001601321856004601337 2007 eng d a0869-691800aSpecies of the Heterodera avenae group (Nematoda : Heteroderidae) from Iran0 aSpecies of the Heterodera avenae group Nematoda Heteroderidae fr a49-580 v153 aFive species of cyst-forming nematodes belonging to the Heterodera avenae group were identified from cereal fields and grasslands in Iran. Morphological and morphometric characters of H. avenae, H. filipjevi and a still unidentified species from the H. avenae complex and of H. latipons and H. hordecalis from the H. latipons complex are presented and their relationship with similar species is discussed. Heterodera filipjevi and H. latipons are the dominant species in cereal fields; H. avenae was found in wheat fields in only one region in the west of the country. Heterodera hordecalis was recovered from a few wheat fields and around grasses in western Iran, and Heterodera sp. from grasslands at several sites in northern and western regions of the country10aCHARACTERS10acyst nematodes10aCYST-FORMING NEMATODES10aHETERODERA10aHeterodera avenae10aHeterodera filipjevi10aHeterodera hordecalis10aHeterodera latipons10aHETERODERIDAE10aIDENTIFICATION10aIran10amorphology10aN-SP10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10anematodes1 aMaafi, Z., T.1 aSturhan, D.1 aKheiri, A.1 aGeraert, E. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/14202395nas a2200481 4500008004100000020001400041245011500055210006900170300001200239490000700251520109200258653001201350653002201362653001901384653002701403653002701430653001001457653001301467653002401480653001501504653001301519653001401532653000801546653001201554653001601566653002401582653001301606653001301619653002401632653001601656653001401672653002601686653001801712100001801730700001801748700001301766700001701779700002301796700001601819700001501835700001701850856004601867 2008 eng d a0869-691800aAssessment of the configuration of the posterior cells of the nematode embryo as potential phylogenetic marker0 aAssessment of the configuration of the posterior cells of the ne a107-1200 v163 aWe have reconstructed the evolutionary history of an early developmental character by mapping the configuration of the posterior cells in the early embryo onto the SSU-based molecular phylogeny of Holterman (2006). We have analyzed the early embryonic development of 19 species, complemented with 20 species from the literature, covering representatives in each clade. We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans configuration, found in most species in clade III-X, is the ancestral state for these clades. alternative configurations arose inependently in clade IX, (Diploscapter coronatus), X (Halicephalobus gingivalis), XI (all investigated species) and XII (Meloidogyne incognita). A variable configuration of the posterior cells arose at least twice independently during nematode evolution, once in clade IX (D. coronatus) and once in an ancestor, shared by clade XI and XII and thus can be used as a phylogenetic marker to delineate these clades. Statistical tests based on our data-set show that the presence of a variable configuration is related to developmental tempo and egg shape10aBelgium10aC-ELEGANS EMBRYOS10aCaenorhabditis10aCaenorhabditis elegans10acaenorhabditis-elegans10aCELLS10aCLEAVAGE10aEARLY EMBRYOGENESIS10aembryology10aENOPLIDA10aEvolution10aGUT10aLINEAGE10aMELOIDOGYNE10aMOLECULAR PHYLOGENY10aNematoda10aNEMATODE10aphylogenetic marker10aPHYLOGENIES10aphylogeny10aspatial configuration10aSPECIFICATION1 aVangestel, S.1 aHouthoofd, W.1 aBert, W.1 aVanholme, B.1 aCalderon-Urrea, A.1 aWillems, M.1 aArtois, T.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/13202598nas a2200457 4500008004100000020001400041245014300055210006900198300001200267490000700279520130900286653001801595653001201613653001401625653001901639653002701658653002701685653001701712653002701729653001601756653002401772653001801796653001401814653000901828653001401837653001201851653001501863653001001878653001301888653002201901653002201923653003001945653001301975653001801988653002202006100001802028700001802046700001302064700001702077856004602094 2008 eng d a1388-554500aThe early embryonic development of the satellite organism Pristionchus pacificus: differences and similarities with Caenorhabditis elegans0 aearly embryonic development of the satellite organism Pristionch a301-3120 v103 aAs a comparative counterpart for the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, the nematode Pristionchus pacificus was established as a satellite organism to study developmental processes. However, these studies mainly focused on post-embryonic development and little is known about the early embryonic development. Using 4D microscopy we reconstructed the early embryonic cell lineage of 12 individuals of P. pacificus. By analysing several parameters of early development, including the division sequence, the spatial arrangement of blastomeres, the cell cycle patterns of the AB lineage and cell-cell contacts in different cell stages of the embryo, it was shown that the early embryonic development is nearly identical to C. elegans. Known cell-cell contacts necessary for induction of blastomere fates in C. elegans are also present in P pacificus. Thus, the spatio-temporal conditions that would allow possible homologous inductions are present. However, at least one model for blastomere specification seems not to apply to P pacificus since the third division in the AB lineage differs from that of C elegans. Furthermore, naturally occurring variability of early development was demonstrated, which is clearly permitted since there seems to be no influence on further development into an adult worm10a4D microscopy10aBelgium10aC-ELEGANS10aCaenorhabditis10aCaenorhabditis elegans10acaenorhabditis-elegans10acell lineage10aCELL-CELL INTERACTIONS10adevelopment10aEARLY EMBRYOGENESIS10aEMBRYOGENESIS10aEvolution10aFATE10aINDUCTION10aLINEAGE10amicroscopy10aMODEL10aNEMATODE10aneodiplogastridae10aPATTERN-FORMATION10aPHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS10aSEQUENCE10aSPECIFICATION10aVULVA DEVELOPMENT1 aVangestel, S.1 aHouthoofd, W.1 aBert, W.1 aBorgonie, G. uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/133