@article {149,
	title = {The somatic female gonad of Cephalobidae (Nematoda): cellular architecture and associated function},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Unit, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 46 197FO BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS LEIDEN Part 2},
	pages = {285-297},
	abstract = {The female reproductive system of the free-living nematode family Cephalobidae is examined by means of differential interference contrast, scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the predatory nematode Prionchulus punctatus are also included in this study; the former mainly to test our results with the very detailed knowledge of this model organism, the latter to provide a representative of the more distantly related Enoplea. In this comparative approach, the analysed gonad structures are discussed with respect to their functional and phylogenetic significance. The general cellular composition of the cephalobid gonad - namely an oviduct comprising two rows of four cells, a distinctly offset spermatheca consisting of 8-16 cells, and a uterus composed of distinct cell rows - differs from all known Nematoda except that of the plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. Despite the striking evolutionary conservation of the cellular architecture of the cephalobid gonad there is a complex subcellular specialisation, namely a significant and functionally relevant variation in myofilament organisation, both among Cephalobidae and between major groups of nematodes. We demonstrate the presence of microfilaments that vary in pattern among species and that may play an important role in egg propulsion. The phenomenon of endotokia matricida, in which eggs do not leave the female body, is found to be associated with a massive rupture of the cytoskeleton in the uterus wall. The complexity of the myofibril structure and the associated potential to propagate oocytes actively cannot be solely explained by differences in phylogenetic history, but is also linked to body diameter. In the larger Acrobeloides maximus, the proximal end of the ovary sheath is adorned with 12 distinct longitudinal bands, antibody binding positively for paramyosin, while in the smaller Cephalobus cubaensis myofilament organisation is at random},
	keywords = {Acrobeloides, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis-elegans, CALIFORNIA, CELLS, CEPHALOBIDAE, Cephalobus, Chiloplacus, cytoskeleton, Evolution, FAMILY, gonad, gonoduct, HERMAPHRODITE, LINEAGES, microscopy, MODEL, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, paramyosin, PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE, Prionchulus, propulsion, REDESCRIPTION, REPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM, SPERMATHECA, THORNE, TYLENCHIDA, Zeldia},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Bert, W. and Vangestel, S. and Houthoofd, W. and Van Gansbeke, R. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {153,
	title = {Different roads to form the same gut in nematodes},
	journal = {Evolution \& DevelopmentEvolution \& Development},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 1 Article English Borgonie, G Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, KL Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 40 058HC BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND OXFORD},
	pages = {362-369},
	abstract = {The morphogenesis of a gut from the endoderm has been well studied among the animal kingdom and is also well described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. But are there other ways to build a nematode intestine? Sulston et al. (1983) described a different intestinal cell lineage in the species Panagrellus redivivus and Turbatrix aceti that includes two programmed cell deaths. However, no details are known about the three-dimensional (3D) configuration and the role of the cell deaths. Here, we describe the intestinal morphogenesis of P. redivivus and five other nematode species by means of four-dimensional microscopy, which gives us a 3D representation of gut formation at the cellular level. The morphological pathway of gut formation is highly conserved among these distantly related species. However, we found the P. redivivus pattern in another related species Halicephalobus gingivalis. In this pattern, the intestinal precursors migrate inward in concert with the mesoderm precursors. Based on the observations, we propose a hypothesis that could explain the differences. The positions of the mesoderm precursors create a possible spatial constraint, by which the establishment of bilateral symmetry in the intestine is delayed. This symmetry is corrected by cell migrations; other cells are eliminated and compensated by supplementary cell divisions. This pattern leads to the same result as in the other nematodes: a bilateral symmetrical intestine with nine rings. This illustrates how conserved body plans can be achieved by different developmental mechanisms},
	keywords = {C-ELEGANS, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis-elegans, CELLS, EMBRYOGENESIS, EMBRYONIC-CELL LINEAGE, Evolution, FATE, INDUCTION, microscopy, MODEL, NEMATODE, nematodes, SPECIFICATION},
	isbn = {1520-541X},
	author = {Houthoofd, W. and Willems, M. and Vangestel, S. and Mertens, C. and Bert, W. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {139,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of the Tylenchina and evolution of the female gonoduct (Nematoda : Rhabditida)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {48},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Times Cited: 1 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Sect, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 82 339CQ ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SAN DIEGO},
	pages = {728-744},
	abstract = {Tylenchina are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of nematode species that range from free-living bacteriovores, over transitory grazing root-hair feeders to highly specialized plant-parasites with complex host associations. We performed phylogenetic analyses of small subunit rDNA sequences from 97 species including an analysis that account for the RNA secondary structure in the models of evolution. The present study confirms the sister relationship of the bacteriovore Cephalobiclae with the predominantly plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. All analyses appoint the fungal-feeding Aphelenchidae and Aphelenchoididae as being polyphyletic but the morphology based hypothesis of their monophyly could not be significantly rejected. Within the Tylenchomorpha, the families that exclusively parasitize higher plants are joined in a single clade. However, only the monophyletic position of the (super)families Hoplolaimidae and Criconematoidea were supported; Anguinidae, Tylenchidae, Belonolaimidae and Pratylenchidae appeared to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstruction revealed that burrowing endoparasitism and sedentary encloparasitism each evolved, respectively, at least six and at least three times independently, mostly from migratory ectoparasitic ancestors. Only root-knot nematodes have evolved from burrowing endoparasitic nematodes. Traditional classifications are partially misled by this convergent evolution of feeding type and associated morphology. Contrastingly, mapping attributes of the gonoduct cellular architecture, including newly obtained data of 18 species belonging to the Aphelenchoidea, Criconematoidea, Anguinidae and Panagrolaimidae, revealed a broad congruence of the gonoduct characters and the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. Yet, the presence of an offset spermatheca and proliferation of uterus cells has evolved multiple times, the latter associated with derived endoparasitic feeding specialization and resulting reproduction mode. Ancestral state reconstruction further revealed that the gonoduct of the morphologically and ecologically dissimilar tylenchid and cephalobid nematodes evolved from a common ancestor. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved},
	keywords = {analysis, ANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATES, ancestral state reconstruction, Bayesian inference, Belgium, Belonolaimidae, caenorhabditis-elegans, CELLS, CEPHALOBINA NEMATODA, CLASSIFICATION, D2-D3 EXPANSION SEGMENTS, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, doublet model, EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES, Evolution, FAMILY, feeding type, gonad, gonoduct, Hoplolaimidae, long branch attraction, MODEL, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, morphology, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, parsimony, PHYLOGENIES, phylogeny, plant-parasitic nematodes, RHABDITIDA, ribosomal DNA, RIBOSOMAL-RNA, secondary structure model, SEQUENCE, SEQUENCES, SPERMATHECA, TYLENCHIDA, Tylenchidae, TYLENCHOIDEA NEMATODA},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Bert, W. and Leliaert, F. and Vierstraete, A. R. and Vanfleteren, J. R. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {132,
	title = {Assessment of the configuration of the posterior cells of the nematode embryo as potential phylogenetic marker},
	journal = {Russian Journal of NematologyRussian Journal of Nematology},
	volume = {16},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 Article English Vangestel, S Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Sect, KL Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 55 383BP MYLNEFIELD RESEARCH SERVICES INVERGOWRIE, DUNDEE DD2 5DA, SCOTLAND DUNDEE},
	pages = {107-120},
	abstract = {We have reconstructed the evolutionary history of an early developmental character by mapping the configuration of the posterior cells in the early embryo onto the SSU-based molecular phylogeny of Holterman (2006). We have analyzed the early embryonic development of 19 species, complemented with 20 species from the literature, covering representatives in each clade. We show that the Caenorhabditis elegans configuration, found in most species in clade III-X, is the ancestral state for these clades. alternative configurations arose inependently in clade IX, (Diploscapter coronatus), X (Halicephalobus gingivalis), XI (all investigated species) and XII (Meloidogyne incognita). A variable configuration of the posterior cells arose at least twice independently during nematode evolution, once in clade IX (D. coronatus) and once in an ancestor, shared by clade XI and XII and thus can be used as a phylogenetic marker to delineate these clades. Statistical tests based on our data-set show that the presence of a variable configuration is related to developmental tempo and egg shape},
	keywords = {Belgium, C-ELEGANS EMBRYOS, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis-elegans, CELLS, CLEAVAGE, EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS, embryology, ENOPLIDA, Evolution, GUT, LINEAGE, MELOIDOGYNE, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, Nematoda, NEMATODE, phylogenetic marker, PHYLOGENIES, phylogeny, spatial configuration, SPECIFICATION},
	isbn = {0869-6918},
	author = {Vangestel, S. and Houthoofd, W. and Bert, W. and Vanholme, B. and Calderon-Urrea, A. and Willems, M. and Artois, T. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {133,
	title = {The early embryonic development of the satellite organism Pristionchus pacificus: differences and similarities with Caenorhabditis elegans},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {10},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Times Cited: 1 Article English Borgonie, G Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Sect, KL Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 47 293NC BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS LEIDEN Part 3},
	pages = {301-312},
	abstract = {As a comparative counterpart for the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, the nematode Pristionchus pacificus was established as a satellite organism to study developmental processes. However, these studies mainly focused on post-embryonic development and little is known about the early embryonic development. Using 4D microscopy we reconstructed the early embryonic cell lineage of 12 individuals of P. pacificus. By analysing several parameters of early development, including the division sequence, the spatial arrangement of blastomeres, the cell cycle patterns of the AB lineage and cell-cell contacts in different cell stages of the embryo, it was shown that the early embryonic development is nearly identical to C. elegans. Known cell-cell contacts necessary for induction of blastomere fates in C. elegans are also present in P pacificus. Thus, the spatio-temporal conditions that would allow possible homologous inductions are present. However, at least one model for blastomere specification seems not to apply to P pacificus since the third division in the AB lineage differs from that of C elegans. Furthermore, naturally occurring variability of early development was demonstrated, which is clearly permitted since there seems to be no influence on further development into an adult worm},
	keywords = {4D microscopy, Belgium, C-ELEGANS, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis-elegans, cell lineage, CELL-CELL INTERACTIONS, development, EARLY EMBRYOGENESIS, EMBRYOGENESIS, Evolution, FATE, INDUCTION, LINEAGE, microscopy, MODEL, NEMATODE, neodiplogastridae, PATTERN-FORMATION, PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS, SEQUENCE, SPECIFICATION, VULVA DEVELOPMENT},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Vangestel, S. and Houthoofd, W. and Bert, W. and Borgonie, G.}
}
