@article {201,
	title = {The cellular structure of the female reproductive system within the Heteroderinae and Meloidogyninae (Nematoda)},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {4},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Times Cited: 4 Article English Bert, W State Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 40 651JE BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS LEIDEN Part 8},
	pages = {953-963},
	abstract = {Gonads from living young females, representing 23 different species, were extracted to study the cellular structure of the female genital structure within the Meloidogyninae and Heteroderinae. All genera studied can be characterised by their cellular spermatheca morphology. Within Meloidogyne a spherical spermatheca is found with lobe-like protruding cells, most species having 16 to 18 spermatheca cells with interlaced cell boundaries while M. microtyla and M. ichinohei have more spermatheca cells with different cell boundaries. Heterodera and Globodera reveal a comparable gonad structure. The spermatheca cells of Heterodera are columnar and arranged in a restricted number of rows, whereas in Globodera the spermatheca cells are squarish to rounded, depending on the species. The gonad morphology of Afenestrata koreana is clearly different from what would be expected based on the related genera Globodera and Heterodera. The apparently simplest genital system was found in Meloidodera floridensis where the uterus has a limited number of cells. In the other genera studied a large and variable cell-number was found},
	keywords = {Afenestrata, CELLS, CLASSIFICATION, CYST, DNA, Evolution, female genital system, GENITAL SYSTEM, Globodera, GLOBODERA-ROSTOCHIENSIS, gonad, HETERODERA, HETERODERINAE, Meloidodera, MELOIDOGYNE, morphology, Nematoda, REPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM, SEM, SPERMATHECA, TYLENCHIDA, variable cell number},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Bert, W. and Karssen, G. and Van Driessche, R. and Geraert, E.}
}
@article {149,
	title = {The somatic female gonad of Cephalobidae (Nematoda): cellular architecture and associated function},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Unit, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 46 197FO BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS LEIDEN Part 2},
	pages = {285-297},
	abstract = {The female reproductive system of the free-living nematode family Cephalobidae is examined by means of differential interference contrast, scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the predatory nematode Prionchulus punctatus are also included in this study; the former mainly to test our results with the very detailed knowledge of this model organism, the latter to provide a representative of the more distantly related Enoplea. In this comparative approach, the analysed gonad structures are discussed with respect to their functional and phylogenetic significance. The general cellular composition of the cephalobid gonad - namely an oviduct comprising two rows of four cells, a distinctly offset spermatheca consisting of 8-16 cells, and a uterus composed of distinct cell rows - differs from all known Nematoda except that of the plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. Despite the striking evolutionary conservation of the cellular architecture of the cephalobid gonad there is a complex subcellular specialisation, namely a significant and functionally relevant variation in myofilament organisation, both among Cephalobidae and between major groups of nematodes. We demonstrate the presence of microfilaments that vary in pattern among species and that may play an important role in egg propulsion. The phenomenon of endotokia matricida, in which eggs do not leave the female body, is found to be associated with a massive rupture of the cytoskeleton in the uterus wall. The complexity of the myofibril structure and the associated potential to propagate oocytes actively cannot be solely explained by differences in phylogenetic history, but is also linked to body diameter. In the larger Acrobeloides maximus, the proximal end of the ovary sheath is adorned with 12 distinct longitudinal bands, antibody binding positively for paramyosin, while in the smaller Cephalobus cubaensis myofilament organisation is at random},
	keywords = {Acrobeloides, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis-elegans, CALIFORNIA, CELLS, CEPHALOBIDAE, Cephalobus, Chiloplacus, cytoskeleton, Evolution, FAMILY, gonad, gonoduct, HERMAPHRODITE, LINEAGES, microscopy, MODEL, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, paramyosin, PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE, Prionchulus, propulsion, REDESCRIPTION, REPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM, SPERMATHECA, THORNE, TYLENCHIDA, Zeldia},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Bert, W. and Vangestel, S. and Houthoofd, W. and Van Gansbeke, R. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {139,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of the Tylenchina and evolution of the female gonoduct (Nematoda : Rhabditida)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {48},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Times Cited: 1 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Sect, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 82 339CQ ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SAN DIEGO},
	pages = {728-744},
	abstract = {Tylenchina are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of nematode species that range from free-living bacteriovores, over transitory grazing root-hair feeders to highly specialized plant-parasites with complex host associations. We performed phylogenetic analyses of small subunit rDNA sequences from 97 species including an analysis that account for the RNA secondary structure in the models of evolution. The present study confirms the sister relationship of the bacteriovore Cephalobiclae with the predominantly plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. All analyses appoint the fungal-feeding Aphelenchidae and Aphelenchoididae as being polyphyletic but the morphology based hypothesis of their monophyly could not be significantly rejected. Within the Tylenchomorpha, the families that exclusively parasitize higher plants are joined in a single clade. However, only the monophyletic position of the (super)families Hoplolaimidae and Criconematoidea were supported; Anguinidae, Tylenchidae, Belonolaimidae and Pratylenchidae appeared to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstruction revealed that burrowing endoparasitism and sedentary encloparasitism each evolved, respectively, at least six and at least three times independently, mostly from migratory ectoparasitic ancestors. Only root-knot nematodes have evolved from burrowing endoparasitic nematodes. Traditional classifications are partially misled by this convergent evolution of feeding type and associated morphology. Contrastingly, mapping attributes of the gonoduct cellular architecture, including newly obtained data of 18 species belonging to the Aphelenchoidea, Criconematoidea, Anguinidae and Panagrolaimidae, revealed a broad congruence of the gonoduct characters and the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. Yet, the presence of an offset spermatheca and proliferation of uterus cells has evolved multiple times, the latter associated with derived endoparasitic feeding specialization and resulting reproduction mode. Ancestral state reconstruction further revealed that the gonoduct of the morphologically and ecologically dissimilar tylenchid and cephalobid nematodes evolved from a common ancestor. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved},
	keywords = {analysis, ANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATES, ancestral state reconstruction, Bayesian inference, Belgium, Belonolaimidae, caenorhabditis-elegans, CELLS, CEPHALOBINA NEMATODA, CLASSIFICATION, D2-D3 EXPANSION SEGMENTS, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, doublet model, EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES, Evolution, FAMILY, feeding type, gonad, gonoduct, Hoplolaimidae, long branch attraction, MODEL, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, morphology, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, parsimony, PHYLOGENIES, phylogeny, plant-parasitic nematodes, RHABDITIDA, ribosomal DNA, RIBOSOMAL-RNA, secondary structure model, SEQUENCE, SEQUENCES, SPERMATHECA, TYLENCHIDA, Tylenchidae, TYLENCHOIDEA NEMATODA},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Bert, W. and Leliaert, F. and Vierstraete, A. R. and Vanfleteren, J. R. and Borgonie, G.}
}
