@article {260,
	title = {Effect of nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strains on free-living nematodes .2. Ultrastructural analysis of the intoxication process in Caenorhabditis elegans},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Borgonie, G Claeys, M Leyns, F Arnaut, G DeWaele, D Coomans, A},
	pages = {407-414},
	abstract = {Transmission electron microscopy is used to describe the intoxication in Caenorhabditis elegans, feeding on toxic spore/crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis. The toxin acts directly against the intestine, first by affecting the anteriormost ring of four intestinal cells. Over a period of 12 hours, these cells lose much of their volume, the microvilli regress slowly, several cell organelles undergo dramatic change and are ultimately destroyed. No rupture of the apical intestinal cell membrane is observed. Non-intestinal tissues seem unaffected. This study indicates considerable ultrastructural differences in the mode of action between the nematicidal toxin and the insecticidal crystal toxins from B. thuringiensis.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {261,
	title = {Effect of a nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strain on free-living nematodes .3. Characterization of the intoxication process},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Borgonie, G Claeys, M Leyns, F Arnaut, G DeWaele, D Coomans, A},
	pages = {523-528},
	abstract = {The toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis is temperature sensitive. Incubation of Caenorhabditis elegans with nematicidal B. thuringiensis strains at 16, 20, and 25 degrees C shows that toxicity decreases as temperature declines. At 16 degrees C, toxicity is completely lost, while it is maximal at 25 degrees C. Toxicity is pH sensitive and is significantly reduced when nematodes are incubated with the weak bases NH4Cl, chloroquine, acridine orange, methyl red, and neutral red. Based on these results, we proposed the hypothesis that the nematicidal factor is effectively internalized into the intestinal cells, a sharp deviation from the insecticidal B. thuringiensis toxins acting at the level of the brush border membrane. Although the absence of purified toxin prevents a more definitive elucidation of the mode of action, the results of this third and final part of this series of publications convincingly indicate that nematicidal B. thuringiensis do not hold the same promise as a biological control agent as the insecticidal B. thuringiensis strains.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {262,
	title = {Effect of nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strains on free-living nematodes .1. Light microscopic observations, species and biological stage specificity and identification of resistant mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Borgonie, G Claeys, M Leyns, F Arnaut, G DeWaele, D Coomans, A},
	pages = {391-398},
	abstract = {Light-microscopic observations of the toxic action of Bacillus thuringiensis spore/crystals reveals that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, the intestine is destroyed in two stages over a period of 24 h. The anterior ring of four cells is the first and foremost target. Observations indicate that the intestine is the only tissue being destroyed. Screening of fourteen additional rhabditid nematode species against three nematicidal B. thuringiensis strains active against C. elegans, resulted in only one additional sensitive nematode species, and indicates a high species specificity of the nematicidal factor. However, in contrast to insect-specific B. thuringiensis toxins, the nematicidal toxin exhibits low developmental stage specificity against C. elegans; all developmental stages, including adult nematodes are sensitive. Moreover, sensitivity increases as development proceeds. Using ethyl methyl sulfonate induced mutagenesis two mutants of C. elegans have been recovered, exhibiting reduced sensitivity of up to 50 \% against one of the nematicidal strains. Moreover, one of the mutants exhibited cross-resistance to a second nematicidal B. thuringiensis strain against which it was not screened. Preliminary data indicate that the reduced sensitivity in the mutants is not due to reduced pharyngeal pumping activity.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {274,
	title = {GERMINATION OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS SPORES IN BACTERIOPHAGOUS NEMATODES (NEMATODA, RHABDITIDA)},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate PathologyJournal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {65},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Borgonie, g vandriessche, r leyns, f arnaut, g dewaele, d coomans, a},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {61-67},
	abstract = {During screening of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for nematicidal activity it was observed that spores of B. thuringiensis germinated in the intestine of bacteriophagous nematodes in the presence of antibiotics. This phenomenon was studied more closely by scanning electron microscopy. The nematodes were fed with bacterial spore-crystal mixtures in axenic culture medium supplemented with tetracyclin and chloramphenicol. Germination of spores was rare but was more frequently observed in Panagrellus redivivus than in other nematode species investigated. Germination of spores in the nematode intestine resulted in the colonization of the entire nematode within 24 hr. Crude nematode tissue preparations supported germination and subsequent growth of B. thuringiensis spores and vegetative cells. The mechanism for the loss of antibiotic activity in the nematode intestine is unknown. Since B. thuringiensis requires a nutrient-rich environment for reproduction, e.g., a cadaver, bacteriophagous nematodes may serve as suitable hosts for B. thuringiensis. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Vandriessche, R. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
