@article {292,
	title = {TISSUE TREATMENT FOR WHOLE-MOUNT INTERNAL LECTIN STAINING IN THE NEMATODES CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS, PANAGROLAIMUS-SUPERBUS AND ACROBELOIDES-MAXIMUS},
	journal = {HistochemistryHistochemistry},
	volume = {101},
	number = {5},
	year = {1994},
	note = {Borgonie, g vandriessche, e link, cd dewaele, d coomans, a},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {379-384},
	abstract = {Four different fixation schemes, using ten fluorescent-labelled lectins, were investigated for whole mount internal staining of three rhabditid nematodes: Caenorhabditis elegans, Panagrolaimus superbus and Acrobeloides maximus. Acetone-only fixation was found to give strong and reproducible staining, which could be prevented either by periodate treatment of the organisms or by specific inhibitory sugars of the lectins under investigation. Whereas the use of either phosphate or TRIS buffers had no effect on the staining pattern or the fluorescence intensity, the incubation time as well as the in cubation temperature affected the staining reaction. The best results were obtained upon overnight incubation at 4 degrees C: the lectin staining could be inhibited in all cases, except for the intestinal brush border of C. elegans by the lectin of Lens culinaris.},
	isbn = {0301-5564},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and VanDriessche, E. and Link, C. D. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {260,
	title = {Effect of nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strains on free-living nematodes .2. Ultrastructural analysis of the intoxication process in Caenorhabditis elegans},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {5},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Borgonie, G Claeys, M Leyns, F Arnaut, G DeWaele, D Coomans, A},
	pages = {407-414},
	abstract = {Transmission electron microscopy is used to describe the intoxication in Caenorhabditis elegans, feeding on toxic spore/crystals of Bacillus thuringiensis. The toxin acts directly against the intestine, first by affecting the anteriormost ring of four intestinal cells. Over a period of 12 hours, these cells lose much of their volume, the microvilli regress slowly, several cell organelles undergo dramatic change and are ultimately destroyed. No rupture of the apical intestinal cell membrane is observed. Non-intestinal tissues seem unaffected. This study indicates considerable ultrastructural differences in the mode of action between the nematicidal toxin and the insecticidal crystal toxins from B. thuringiensis.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {261,
	title = {Effect of a nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strain on free-living nematodes .3. Characterization of the intoxication process},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {6},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Borgonie, G Claeys, M Leyns, F Arnaut, G DeWaele, D Coomans, A},
	pages = {523-528},
	abstract = {The toxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis is temperature sensitive. Incubation of Caenorhabditis elegans with nematicidal B. thuringiensis strains at 16, 20, and 25 degrees C shows that toxicity decreases as temperature declines. At 16 degrees C, toxicity is completely lost, while it is maximal at 25 degrees C. Toxicity is pH sensitive and is significantly reduced when nematodes are incubated with the weak bases NH4Cl, chloroquine, acridine orange, methyl red, and neutral red. Based on these results, we proposed the hypothesis that the nematicidal factor is effectively internalized into the intestinal cells, a sharp deviation from the insecticidal B. thuringiensis toxins acting at the level of the brush border membrane. Although the absence of purified toxin prevents a more definitive elucidation of the mode of action, the results of this third and final part of this series of publications convincingly indicate that nematicidal B. thuringiensis do not hold the same promise as a biological control agent as the insecticidal B. thuringiensis strains.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {262,
	title = {Effect of nematicidal Bacillus thuringiensis strains on free-living nematodes .1. Light microscopic observations, species and biological stage specificity and identification of resistant mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {19},
	number = {4},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Borgonie, G Claeys, M Leyns, F Arnaut, G DeWaele, D Coomans, A},
	pages = {391-398},
	abstract = {Light-microscopic observations of the toxic action of Bacillus thuringiensis spore/crystals reveals that, in Caenorhabditis elegans, the intestine is destroyed in two stages over a period of 24 h. The anterior ring of four cells is the first and foremost target. Observations indicate that the intestine is the only tissue being destroyed. Screening of fourteen additional rhabditid nematode species against three nematicidal B. thuringiensis strains active against C. elegans, resulted in only one additional sensitive nematode species, and indicates a high species specificity of the nematicidal factor. However, in contrast to insect-specific B. thuringiensis toxins, the nematicidal toxin exhibits low developmental stage specificity against C. elegans; all developmental stages, including adult nematodes are sensitive. Moreover, sensitivity increases as development proceeds. Using ethyl methyl sulfonate induced mutagenesis two mutants of C. elegans have been recovered, exhibiting reduced sensitivity of up to 50 \% against one of the nematicidal strains. Moreover, one of the mutants exhibited cross-resistance to a second nematicidal B. thuringiensis strain against which it was not screened. Preliminary data indicate that the reduced sensitivity in the mutants is not due to reduced pharyngeal pumping activity.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {274,
	title = {GERMINATION OF BACILLUS-THURINGIENSIS SPORES IN BACTERIOPHAGOUS NEMATODES (NEMATODA, RHABDITIDA)},
	journal = {Journal of Invertebrate PathologyJournal of Invertebrate Pathology},
	volume = {65},
	number = {1},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Borgonie, g vandriessche, r leyns, f arnaut, g dewaele, d coomans, a},
	month = {Jan},
	pages = {61-67},
	abstract = {During screening of Bacillus thuringiensis isolates for nematicidal activity it was observed that spores of B. thuringiensis germinated in the intestine of bacteriophagous nematodes in the presence of antibiotics. This phenomenon was studied more closely by scanning electron microscopy. The nematodes were fed with bacterial spore-crystal mixtures in axenic culture medium supplemented with tetracyclin and chloramphenicol. Germination of spores was rare but was more frequently observed in Panagrellus redivivus than in other nematode species investigated. Germination of spores in the nematode intestine resulted in the colonization of the entire nematode within 24 hr. Crude nematode tissue preparations supported germination and subsequent growth of B. thuringiensis spores and vegetative cells. The mechanism for the loss of antibiotic activity in the nematode intestine is unknown. Since B. thuringiensis requires a nutrient-rich environment for reproduction, e.g., a cadaver, bacteriophagous nematodes may serve as suitable hosts for B. thuringiensis. (C) 1995 Academic Press, Inc.},
	isbn = {0022-2011},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Vandriessche, R. and Leyns, F. and Arnaut, G. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {276,
	title = {PRESENCE OF PERITROPHIC-LIKE MEMBRANES IN THE INTESTINE OF 3 BACTERIOPHAGOUS NEMATODES (NEMATODA, RHABDITIDA)},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {3},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Borgonie, g claeys, m vanfleteren, j dewaele, d coomans, a},
	pages = {227-233},
	abstract = {Ultrastructural analysis shows the presence of membranes originating at the top of the intestinal microvilli, along the entire length of the intestine in the three rhabditid nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans, Panagrolaimus superbus and Acrobeloides maximus. The membranes allow the passage of fluorescein isothiocyanate, methyl red, neutral red and acridine orange, but allow only sparse passage of ferritin molecules. Upon the introduction of a sublethal dose of sodium azide, the intestinal lumen displays an increased secretion of membrane layers. Whole mount staining of the nematodes with the Solanum tuberosum and Triticum vulgare lectins, known to bind with high affinity to chitin, shows only specific binding of Solanum tuberosum lectin to the brush border in all developmental stages of C. elegans, P. superbus and A. maximus. The results reveal the presence of membranes in the intestine of three species of one of the most ancient metazoan phyla, exhibiting morphological and functional characteristics reminiscent of peritrophic membranes in insects.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and Vanfleteren, J. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {277,
	title = {IN-VIVO AND IN-VITRO CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INTESTINE OF 15 BACTERIOPHAGOUS NEMATODES (NEMATODA, RHABDITIDA)},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Borgonie, g claeys, m dewaele, d coomans, a},
	pages = {115-122},
	abstract = {The intestine of the fifteen free-living Rhabditida belonging to three different families was studied using three different approaches : i) using three different axenic media, cultivation of all fifteen nematode species was attempted; ii) in vivo analyses were performed by using two vital stains and one fluorescent dye and by comparing staining patterns; iii) in vitro analyses was done using the intestinal markers acid phosphatase, esterase and the lectin of Ricinus communis II. Although the nematodes can be cultured monoxenically on the same bacterium, Escherichia coli, attempts to culture the fifteen nematode species on the same axenic medium failed. Distinct differences are observed between different areas along the intestinal tract by in vivo study using stains. Similar observations were made in vitro using the intestinal marker acid phosphatase and the binding pattern of Ricinus communis II. This was less evident using esterase as a marker, since considerable non-intestinal tissue staining was evident. The data obtained indicate considerable biochemical differences in the intestinal cells between the nematode species, even if the nematode species belong to the same family.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {278,
	title = {ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE INTESTINE OF THE BACTERIOPHAGOUS NEMATODES CAENORHABDITIS-ELEGANS, PANAGROLAIMUS SUPERBUS AND ACROBELOIDES MAXIMUS (NEMATODA, RHABDITIDA)},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {18},
	number = {2},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Borgonie, g claeys, m dewaele, d coomans, a},
	pages = {123-133},
	abstract = {The intestine of the three free-living rhabditid nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans, Panagrolaimus superbus and Acrobeloides maximus was studied using transmission electron microscopy of sections made at three locations along the intestine. Between the three nematode species, ultrastructural differences in cellular components are minor. However, two cell types present in all three nematode species are positioned differently along the intestinal tract. Furthermore, two different types of secretions into the intestinal lumen were identified, one only at the anterior intestine, the second present along the entire length of the intestinal lumen. F-actin staining of fifteen whole-mount nematodes revealed the presence of a well developed, cross-shaped intestinal muscle, only present in Cephalobid species.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Claeys, M. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {245,
	title = {Internal lectin binding patterns in the nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans, Panagrolaimus superbus and Acrobeloides maximus},
	journal = {Fundamental and Applied NematologyFundamental and Applied Nematology},
	volume = {20},
	number = {2},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Borgonie, G VanDriessche, E Link, CD Claeys, M DeWaele, D Coomans, A},
	pages = {173-186},
	abstract = {Using ten different lectins, the binding patterns were studied in three free-living rhabditid nematodes : Caenorhabditis elegans, Panagrolaimus superbus, and Acrobeloides maximus. Although all the nematode tissues showed binding by one or more of the lectins used, considerable differences were noticed between the three nematode species. Yolk, four of the coelomocytes, and the oocytes bind most often with the lectins used. Although the intestinal brush border interacts with a lot of foreign materials, it stained only with few lectins. The lectin binding pattern of the yolk indicated that, at the time of incorporation of the yolk in embryos or shortly thereafter, a processing of the yolk occurs resulting in changes in lectin-binding characteristics of the yolk protein.},
	isbn = {1164-5571},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and VanDriessche, E. and Link, C. D. and Claeys, M. and DeWaele, D. and Coomans, A.}
}
