@article {219,
	title = {Transovarial transmission of symbionts in Xiphinema brevicollum (Nematoda : Longidoridae)},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Coomans, A Vandekerckhove, TTM Claeys, MPart 4},
	pages = {443-449},
	abstract = {Transovarial transmission of bacterial symbionts in Xiphinema brevicollum was examined by means of electron microscopical- and fluorescence microscopical observations of intra-uterine and freshly laid non-embryonated eggs, as well as of embryonated eggs. The symbionts are mainly aggregated near one of the egg poles and this is observed in non-embryonated as well as in embryonated eggs. The bacteria are present in intestinal cells of first stage juveniles that are still enclosed by the egg-shell. In subsequent juvenile developmental stages their number increases and the intestinal cells are filled with the symbionts. Bacteria were not present in the genital primordium. It is hypothesised that the aggregated symbionts at one of the egg poles become enclosed in the E founder cell during embryogenesis and subsequently are distributed to the endodermal daughter cells. The bacteria become enclosed in the ovarial wall through an unknown mechanism only during the later stages of gonad development.},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Coomans, A. and Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. and Claeys, M.}
}
@article {194,
	title = {Use of the Verrucomicrobia-specific probe EUB338-III and fluorescent in situ hybridization for detection of "Candidatus xiphinematobacter" cells in nematode hosts},
	journal = {Applied and Environmental MicrobiologyApplied and Environmental Microbiology},
	volume = {68},
	number = {6},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Vandekerckhove, TTM Coomans, A Cornelis, K Baert, P Gillis, M},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {3121-3125},
	abstract = {Fluorescent in situ hybridization with a 16S rRNA probe specific for Verrucomicrobia was used to (i) confirm the division-level identity of and (ii) study the behavior of the obligate intracellular verrucomicrobium "Candidatus Xiphinematobacter" in its nematode hosts. Endosymbionts in the egg move to the pole where the gut primordium arises; hence, they populate the intestinal epithelia of juvenile worms. During the host{\textquoteright}s molt to adult female, the endosymbionts concentrate around the developing ovaries to occupy the ovarian wall. Some bacteria are enclosed in the ripening oocytes for vertical transmission. Verrucomicrobia in males stay outside the testes because the tiny spermatozoids are not suitable for transmission of cytoplasmic bacteria.},
	isbn = {0099-2240},
	author = {Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. and Coomans, A. and Cornelis, K. and Baert, P. and Gillis, M.}
}
@article {209,
	title = {Occurrence of novel verrucomicrobial species, endosymbiotic and associated with parthenogenesis in Xiphinema americanum-group species (Nematoda, Longidoridae)},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary MicrobiologyInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Vandekerckhove, TTM Willems, A Gillis, M Coomans, APart 6},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {2197-2205},
	abstract = {Numerous micro-organisms have been described as cytoplasmic symbionts of eukaryotes. Many so-called obligate endosymbionts rely exclusively on maternal (vertical or transovarial) transmission to maintain themselves, rendering them dependent on the host sex ratio, which they would tend to manipulate to their own advantage. The latter phenomenon is often associated with the presence of Wolbachia pipientis (alpha -Proteobacteria) in arthropods and nematodes. A potentially similar situation was discovered involving members of a new clade of Verrucomicrobia, another main line of descent in the Bacteria. Nematode species of the Xiphinema americanum group (Nematoda, Longidoridae), viz. Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema rivesi and Xiphinema brevicollum, each harbour their own specific verrucomicrobial endosymbionts. They are exclusively maternally inherited and their hosts reproduce by thelytokous (mother-to-daughter) parthenogenesis, males being extremely rare. A new genus, {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter{\textquoteright} gen. nov., along with three new candidate verrucomicrobial species,{\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter americani{\textquoteright} sp. nov.,{\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter rivesi{\textquoteright} sp. nov. and {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter brevicolli{\textquoteright} sp. nov., are described on the basis of transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, DAPI (4{\textquoteright},6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) epifluorescence microscopy and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. These are the first endosymbiotic species described among the Verrucomicrobia. They share a mean 16S rDNA similarity of about 93 \%, whereas similarity to their closest relative, clone WCHD3-88, is less than 87 \%. Thus, the endosymbionts form a homogeneous clade for which the new candidate genus {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter{\textquoteright} gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter brevicolli{\textquoteright} sp. nov.},
	isbn = {1466-5026},
	author = {Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. and Willems, A. and Gillis, M. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {123,
	title = {An endosymbiotic bacterium in a plant-parasitic nematode: Member of a new <i>Wolbachia</i> supergroup},
	journal = {International Journal for ParasitologyInternational Journal for Parasitology},
	volume = {39},
	number = {9},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Haegeman, Annelies Vanholme, Bartel Jacob, Joachim Vandekerckhove, Tom T. M. Claeys, Myriam Borgonie, Gaetan Gheysen, Godelieve},
	month = {Jul},
	pages = {1045-1054},
	abstract = {Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium widely present in arthropods and animal-parasitic nematodes. Despite previous efforts, it has never been identified in plant-parasitic nematodes. Random sequencing of genes expressed by the burrowing nematode Radopholus similis resulted in several sequences with similarity to Wolbachia genes. The presence of a Wolbachia-like endosymbiont in this plant-parasitic nematode was investigated using both morphological and molecular approaches. Transmission electron microscopy, fluorescent immunolocalisation and staining with DAPI confirmed the presence of the endosymbiont within the reproductive tract of female adults. 16S rDNA,ftsZ and groEL gene sequences showed that the endosymbiont of R. similis is distantly related to the known Wolbachia supergroups. Finally, based on our initial success in finding sequences of this endosymbiont by screening an expressed sequence tag (EST) dataset, all nematode ESTs were mined for Wolbachia-like sequences. Although the retained sequences belonged to six different nematode species, R. similis was the only plant-parasitic nematode with traces of Wolbachia. Based on our phylogenetic study and the current literature we designate the endosymbiont of R. similis to a new supergroup (supergroup 1) rather than considering it as a new species. Although its role remains unknown, the endosymbiont was found in all individuals tested, pointing towards an essential function of the bacteria. (C) 2009 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
	isbn = {0020-7519},
	author = {Haegeman, A. and Vanholme, B. and Jacob, J. and Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. and Claeys, M. and Borgonie, G. and Gheysen, G.}
}
@article {97,
	title = {A Wolbachia-like endosymbiotic bacterium in the plant-parasitc nematode <i>Rhadopholus similis</i>},
	journal = {Journal of NematologyJournal of Nematology},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Haegeman Annelies, B. Vanholme Jacob, J. Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. Claeys, M. Borgonie, G. Gheysen, G.},
	month = {Sep},
	pages = {245-245},
	isbn = {0022-300X},
	author = {Haegeman, and Annelies, B. V. and Jacob, J. and Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. and Claeys, M. and Borgonie, G. and Gheysen, G.}
}
