@article {219,
	title = {Transovarial transmission of symbionts in Xiphinema brevicollum (Nematoda : Longidoridae)},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Coomans, A Vandekerckhove, TTM Claeys, MPart 4},
	pages = {443-449},
	abstract = {Transovarial transmission of bacterial symbionts in Xiphinema brevicollum was examined by means of electron microscopical- and fluorescence microscopical observations of intra-uterine and freshly laid non-embryonated eggs, as well as of embryonated eggs. The symbionts are mainly aggregated near one of the egg poles and this is observed in non-embryonated as well as in embryonated eggs. The bacteria are present in intestinal cells of first stage juveniles that are still enclosed by the egg-shell. In subsequent juvenile developmental stages their number increases and the intestinal cells are filled with the symbionts. Bacteria were not present in the genital primordium. It is hypothesised that the aggregated symbionts at one of the egg poles become enclosed in the E founder cell during embryogenesis and subsequently are distributed to the endodermal daughter cells. The bacteria become enclosed in the ovarial wall through an unknown mechanism only during the later stages of gonad development.},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Coomans, A. and Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. and Claeys, M.}
}
@article {220,
	title = {Nematode systematics: past, present and future},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Coomans, ASymposium on Biodiversity in th Phylum NematodaSep 17, 1999Ghent, belgiumUniv Gent, European Sci Fdn, Fund Sci Res FlandersPart 1},
	pages = {3-7},
	abstract = {A brief overview is given of nematode taxonomy since its beginnings in the second half of the 19(th) century. Most of the work concerned alpha-taxonomy, but in the thirties and subsequently from the sixties several classifications have been proposed. Since the eighties phylogenetic systematics was introduced as the underlying theory. Due to the pioneering work of several famous nematode taxonomists in the first half of the 20(th) century an increased interest for the discipline arose. Very unfortunately, this interest decreased in more recent times to an alarming extent. The difficulty to correctly identify and to describe the rapidly increasing numbers of taxa has discouraged many young scientists and diverted them toward more appealing disciplines. Taxonomy provides nevertheless the basic knowledge for studies on biodiversity as well as for analyses of ecological and phylogenetic relationships. Molecular techniques have made systematics again exciting; when combined with the more traditional morphological approach, they will lead to new insights. Hopefully, these will arouse the interest of young scientists. Even then the future of nematode taxonomy will depend on the funding opportunities provided by national and international authorities.},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Coomans, A.}
}
@article {221,
	title = {Synthesis},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Coomans, APart 1},
	pages = {123-123},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Coomans, A.}
}
@article {222,
	title = {Embryonic lineage evolution in nematodes},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Borgonie, G Jacobsen, K Coomans, ASymposium on Biodiversity in th Phylum NematodaSep 17, 1999Ghent, belgiumUniv Gent, European Sci Fdn, Fund Sci Res FlandersPart 1},
	pages = {65-69},
	abstract = {Because of the high number of species and its ancient roots in evolution, the phylum Nematoda is well suited for comparative embryonic study. Using 4D microscopy we have reconstructed the embryonic lineages of several nematodes. This allows us to identify changing developmental strategies in the phylum Nematoda. Generally there has been a shift in the phylum from a non-determined, non-strict development to a faster, highly determined embryonic development.},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Borgonie, G. and Jacobsen, K. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {223,
	title = {Nematode species of the order Tylenchida, new to the Belgian Nematofauna with additional morphological data},
	journal = {Belgian Journal of ZoologyBelgian Journal of Zoology},
	volume = {130},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Times Cited: 3 Article English Bert, W State Univ Ghent, Inst Zool, Ledeganeckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 52 281QT SOCIETE ROYALE ZOOLOGIQUE DE BELGIQUE C/O PROF DR E SCHOCKAERT, DEPT SBG, LIMBURGS UNIVERSITAIR CENTRUM, B-3590 DIEPENBEEK, BELGIUM DIEPENBEEK},
	pages = {47-57},
	abstract = {Ten nematode species belonging to the order Tylenchida were recorded for the first time in Belgium: Tylenchus arcuatus, Coslenchus polonicus, Basiria graminophila, Cephalenchus leptus, PI Pratylenchus flakkensis, Hirschmanniella loofi, Hirschmanniella gracilis, Helicotylenchus varicaudatus, Paratylenchus similis and Gracilacus aculenta. The genera Cephalenchus and Hirschmanniella are first genera records. For each species, morphometrical and morphological information is presented. Special attention has been given to the female reproductive system. The nematofauna review of the Nematofauna of Belgium (COOMANs, 1989) has been updated: records from our study as well as from others were added},
	keywords = {Belgium, female reproductive system, Hirschmanniella, morphology, NEMATODE, nematofauna, ORDER TYLENCHIDA, Pratylenchus, REPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM, SEM, TYLENCHIDA, TYLENCHOIDEA},
	isbn = {0777-6276},
	author = {Bert, W. and Geraert, E.}
}
@article {208,
	title = {Ultrastructure of sperm development in the free-living marine nematodes of the family Chromadoridae (Chromadorida : Chromadorina)},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Yushin, VV Coomans, APart 3},
	pages = {285-296},
	abstract = {Spermatogenesis in two species of free-living marine nematodes from the family Chromadoridae (Panduripharynx pacifica and Euchromadora robusta) was studied electron-microscopically. The spermatogonia of both species are undifferentiated polygonal cells with a large nucleus surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm. In P. pacifica the cytoplasm of spermatocytes contains many Golgi bodies, cistemae of RER, ribosomes, mitochondria and dense spherical bodies. Filamentous material is accumulated in spermatids, which contain only mitochondria and a fragmented (or lobed) nucleus devoid of the nuclear envelope. The immature sperm resembles the late spermatid: its central filamentous area is surrounded by chromatine particles and occasional mitochondria. The immature sperm plasma membrane forms deep infoldings. Mature spermatozoa from the uterus consist of a small main cell body (MCB) bearing a prominent pseudopod filled with cytoskeleton filaments. The MCB contains a nucleus and mitochondria. Spermatogenesis in E. robusta (studied only in testes) resembles that described for Fl pacifica, but spermatocytes of E. robusta show much lower metabolic activity and, as a result, a smaller mass of filamentous material is stored in the spermatids and immature sperm. The spermatozoa of Fl pacifica and the immature sperm of E. robusta have the main ultrastructural features characteristic for nematodes (amoeboid nature, absence of axoneme, acrosome and nuclear envelope). No aberrant organelles special for many nematode sperm (membranous organelles, paracrystalline fibrous bodies and their complexes) were found during sperm development of the chromadorids studied. In this respect their spermatogenesis differs significantly from that in secernents and monhysterids.},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Yushin, V. V. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {209,
	title = {Occurrence of novel verrucomicrobial species, endosymbiotic and associated with parthenogenesis in Xiphinema americanum-group species (Nematoda, Longidoridae)},
	journal = {International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary MicrobiologyInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology},
	volume = {50},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Vandekerckhove, TTM Willems, A Gillis, M Coomans, APart 6},
	month = {Nov},
	pages = {2197-2205},
	abstract = {Numerous micro-organisms have been described as cytoplasmic symbionts of eukaryotes. Many so-called obligate endosymbionts rely exclusively on maternal (vertical or transovarial) transmission to maintain themselves, rendering them dependent on the host sex ratio, which they would tend to manipulate to their own advantage. The latter phenomenon is often associated with the presence of Wolbachia pipientis (alpha -Proteobacteria) in arthropods and nematodes. A potentially similar situation was discovered involving members of a new clade of Verrucomicrobia, another main line of descent in the Bacteria. Nematode species of the Xiphinema americanum group (Nematoda, Longidoridae), viz. Xiphinema americanum, Xiphinema rivesi and Xiphinema brevicollum, each harbour their own specific verrucomicrobial endosymbionts. They are exclusively maternally inherited and their hosts reproduce by thelytokous (mother-to-daughter) parthenogenesis, males being extremely rare. A new genus, {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter{\textquoteright} gen. nov., along with three new candidate verrucomicrobial species,{\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter americani{\textquoteright} sp. nov.,{\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter rivesi{\textquoteright} sp. nov. and {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter brevicolli{\textquoteright} sp. nov., are described on the basis of transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, DAPI (4{\textquoteright},6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) epifluorescence microscopy and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. These are the first endosymbiotic species described among the Verrucomicrobia. They share a mean 16S rDNA similarity of about 93 \%, whereas similarity to their closest relative, clone WCHD3-88, is less than 87 \%. Thus, the endosymbionts form a homogeneous clade for which the new candidate genus {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter{\textquoteright} gen. nov. is proposed. The type species is {\textquoteright}Candidatus Xiphinematobacter brevicolli{\textquoteright} sp. nov.},
	isbn = {1466-5026},
	author = {Vandekerckhove, T. T. M. and Willems, A. and Gillis, M. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {210,
	title = {Evaluation of fixation methods for ultrastructural study of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos},
	journal = {Microscopy Research and TechniqueMicroscopy Research and Technique},
	volume = {49},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Vancoppenolle, B Claeys, M Borgonie, G Tytgat, T Coomans, A},
	month = {Apr},
	pages = {212-216},
	abstract = {Various fixation methods for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were tested on Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. By combining various techniques, using 3.4\% chitinase in combination with 1\% alpha-chymotripsin, we were able to establish a new fixation procedure that for the first time preserves both membranes and internal cellular ultrastructure of C. elegans embryos in different stages of development. This unique procedure will enable a hitherto unattainable standard for TEM research of C. elegans embryos. Sectioning of specific developmental stages fixed with this method allows a detailed study of ultrastructural aspects of embryogenesis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 49:212-216, 2000. (C) 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.},
	isbn = {1059-910X},
	author = {Vancoppenolle, B. and Claeys, M. and Borgonie, G. and Tytgat, T. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {211,
	title = {Sedentary endoparasitic nematodes as a model for other plant parasitic nematodes},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Tytgat, T De Meutter, J Gheysen, G Coomans, ASymposium on Biodiversity in th Phylum NematodaSep 17, 1999Ghent, belgiumUniv Gent, European Sci Fdn, Fund Sci Res FlandersPart 1},
	pages = {113-121},
	abstract = {Plant parasitic nematodes are known to cause a severe reduction in crop yield. Recently much effort is being put to engineering new nematode-resistant crop cultivars. Plant parasitic nematodes occur in three widely separated orders: Triplonchida, Dorylaimida and Tylenchida. All triplonchid and dorylaimid plant parasitic nematodes are migratory ectoparasites of roots. Within the Tylenchida, several different types of plant parasitism can be recognised. The sedentary endoparasites have the most complex interaction with their host, and are responsible for the vast majority of the agricultural damage. This causes most research to be concentrated on two groups of the sedentary endoparasitic nematodes: cyst- and root-knot nematodes. Both induce specialised feeding structures in the vascular cylinder of the plant root. The mechanism of phytoparasitism of the cyst- and root-knot nematodes is reviewed, of which some aspects will be applicable to the study of the other plant parasitic nematodes.},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Tytgat, T. and De Meutter, J. and Gheysen, G. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {212,
	title = {Three species of Tobrilidae (Nematoda : Enoplida) from Li River at Guiling, China},
	journal = {HydrobiologiaHydrobiologia},
	volume = {421},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Peng, YL Coomans, A},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {77-90},
	abstract = {Eutobrilus annetteae Joubert \& Heyns, 1979 with its male reported for the first time, Semitobrilus pellucidus (Bastian, 1865) Tsalolichin, 1983, and Epitobrilus allophysis (Steiner, 1919) Tsalolichin, 1996 are described from the Li River at Guiling, China. The male of Eutobrilus annetteae is characterized by lots of crystalloids inside body, almost straight spicules about one anal body diameter long and seven equally sized supplements. Semitobrilus pellucidus from Guiling shows large variation in body width, position of amphids, form of buccal cavity, distance between denticles, direction of vagina, arrangement of oocytes, and shape of eggs. It is different from other populations in its shorter cephalic setae, less than 60\% of head width, in its shorter tail and smaller c{\textquoteright} value. In males, there are 6-9 supplements, reduced and irregulary spaced. Epitobrilus allophysis is characterized by its labial setae longer than 50\% of head width, small, posteriorly located ovoid amphid, single egg occupying whole space of uterus and blunt tail tip.},
	isbn = {0018-8158},
	author = {Peng, Y. L. and Coomans, A.}
}
@article {213,
	title = {Ultrastructural variation of cuticular layers in Cephalobinae (Nemata : Rhabditida)},
	journal = {Journal of NematologyJournal of Nematology},
	volume = {32},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Mounport, D Baujard, P De Ley, P Van de Velde, MC Coomans, A Baldwin, JG},
	month = {Mar},
	pages = {13-19},
	abstract = {The ultrastructure of the body wall cuticle in Acrobeles complexus, Cervidellus alutus, and Zeldia punctata was studied as a step toward understanding biological diversity within Cephalobinae, and to discover new characters for phylogeny-based classification of the suborder. In each species the cuticle consists of cortical, median, and basal layers. The cortical layer includes an external trilaminate and internal granular zone; the basal layer is striated. In Z. punctata the median layer is electron-lucent, vacuolar, and penetrates the cortical layer; it also includes periodically dense columns that apparently correspond to punctuations visible with light microscopy. In contrast, the median layer of the body wail cuticle in A. complexus and C. alutus is bisected by a zone that undulates parallel to the nematode surface and with periodicity corresponding to annuli. Phylogenetic analysis, using derived cuticle patterns of Cephalobinae, requires an understanding of ecological pressures that could result in convergent evolution of cuticle characters.},
	isbn = {0022-300X},
	author = {Mounport, D. and Baujard, P. and De Ley, P. and Van de Velde, M. C. and Coomans, A. and Baldwin, J. G.}
}
@inbook {214,
	title = {Ultrastructure of the body cuticle of trichodorid nematodes and comparison with other nematode taxa (Trichodoridae, Triplonchida)},
	booktitle = {52nd International Symposium on Crop Protection, Pts I and Ii, Proceedings},
	series = {International Symposium on Crop Protection, Proceedings},
	volume = {65},
	number = {2A-B},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Karanastasi, E Decraemer, W Brown, D52nd International Symposium on Crop ProtectionMay09, 2000Ghent, belgium},
	pages = {515-521},
	abstract = {The fine structure of the body cuticle in Trichodoridae is reviewed. The outline of the different cuticle zones is determined and the value of the cuticle structure to clarify relationships is discussed.},
	isbn = {0368-9697},
	author = {Karanastasi, E. and Decraemer, W. and Brown, D. and Universiteit, Gent}
}
@article {215,
	title = {A new Trichodorus species from South Africa with notes on T-vandenbergae (Triplonchida : Diphtherophorina)},
	journal = {Annales ZoologiciAnnales Zoologici},
	volume = {50},
	number = {2},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Decraemer, W Marais, M},
	pages = {193-203},
	abstract = {A new species of the genus Trichodorus is described from natural vegetation in the Western Cape Province, South Africa. Trichodorus iuventus sp. nov. is characterised by a relatively short body, short onchiostyle with inner onchium in all adults; in male, by short spicule length and spicule shape (dorsally convex in anterior part, with indentation at mid-calamus and a straight, striated posterior part); in females, by the small rounded vaginal sclerotized pieces in lateral view, a pore-like vulva in ventral view and one pair of prevulvar and post-advulvar lateral body pores. A population of T. vandenbergae was found associated with fynbos; additional morphological and morphometric information is presided.},
	isbn = {0003-4541},
	author = {Decraemer, W. and Marais, M.}
}
@article {216,
	title = {New species of Metepsilonema (Nemata, Epsilonematidae) from the Channel and the Mediterranean Sea with a polytomous key for the identification of species of the genus},
	journal = {HydrobiologiaHydrobiologia},
	volume = {429},
	number = {1-3},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Decraemer, W Gourbault, N},
	month = {Jun},
	pages = {25-47},
	abstract = {Four new species of Metepsilonema are described from sublittoral stations from the Channel and are mainly characterized: M. volutum sp.nov. by the large body size for the genus up to 460 mu m, 118-121 well overlapping annuli and wide multispiral amphids; M. amphidoxum sp.nov. by 127-133 shortly overlapping annuli and sexual dimorphism in amphid size; M. comptum sp.nov. by 133-140 non-overlapping annuli, anteriormost annuli provided with a wide lumen and borders ornamented with ridges and M. corrugatum sp.nov. by 108-111 overlapping annuli provided with ridges). Additional information is provided for M. callosum together with a discussion on intraspecific variability. A new species of Metepsilonema spec. based on females only, is described but remain unnamed. M. comptum sp.nov. and M. corrugatum sp.nov. are also occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. A polytomous key to species level is presented.},
	isbn = {0018-8158},
	author = {Decraemer, W. and Gourbault, N.}
}
@article {217,
	title = {New species of Leptepsilonema and Polkepsilonema (Nemata, Epsilonematidae)},
	journal = {Cahiers de Biologie MarineCahiers de Biologie Marine},
	volume = {41},
	number = {1},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Decraemer, W Gourbault, N},
	pages = {25-46},
	abstract = {Three new species of the genus Leptepsilonema and one new species of Polkepsilonema are described. Leptepsilonema antonioi sp. nov. is mainly characterized by 111-115 overlapping annules with a large vacuolar ornamentation, a large body size and in male, by number and arrangement of copulatory thorns; L. dauvini sp. nov. has 149-154 annules, ornamented with numerous fine vacuoles and fine outer ridges, and males possess a field of fine copulatory thorns at level of posterior ambulatory region and five minute thorns precloacally; L.. horridum sp. nov, is characterized by 130-131 annules, ornamented with large vacuoles and spines, and males with copulatory thorns arranged in four subventral rows, the inner rows with five or six well developed thorns followed at some distance by one to two thorns, and long spicules (67-72 mu m). Polkepsilonema guirali sp. nov. is characterized by the number and location of copulatory thorns, the number of subcephalic setae, and the feature of the dorsal spines. A polytomous key to species level is presented for the genus Leptepsilonema.},
	isbn = {0007-9723},
	author = {Decraemer, W. and Gourbault, N.}
}
@inbook {218,
	title = {Isolation and characterization of pharyngeal secretions from Heterodera schachtii stage 2 juveniles},
	booktitle = {52nd International Symposium on Crop Protection, Pts I and Ii, Proceedings},
	series = {International Symposium on Crop Protection, Proceedings},
	volume = {65},
	number = {2A-B},
	year = {2000},
	note = {De Meutter, J Tytgat, T Gheysen, GDC Coomans, A Gheysen, GDR52nd International Symposium on Crop ProtectionMay09, 2000Ghent, belgium},
	pages = {523-525},
	isbn = {0368-9697},
	author = {De Meutter, J. and Tytgat, T. and Gheysen, G. D. C. and Coomans, A. and Gheysen, G. D. R. and Universiteit, Gent}
}
