02279nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245012200055210006900177300001200246490000700258520167700265100001401942700001901956700001701975700001801992700001702010700001302027856004502040       2010                        eng d  a0031-405600aNematode succession during composting and the potential of the nematode community as an indicator of compost maturity0 aNematode succession during composting and the potential of the n  a181-1900 v533 aOne of the key issues in compost research is to assess when the compost has reached a mature stage. The maturity status of the compost determines the quality of the final soil amendment product. The nematode community occurring in a Controlled Microbial Composting (CMC) process was analyzed with the objective of assessing whether the species composition could be used as a bio-indicator of the compost maturity status. The results obtained here describe the major shifts in species composition that occur during the composting process. Compared to terrestrial ecosystems, nematode succession in compost differs mainly in the absence of K-strategists and numerical importance of diplogastrids. At the beginning of the composting process (thermophilic phase), immediately after the heat peak, the nematode population is primarily built by bacterial feeding enrichment opportunists (cp-1) (Rhabditidae, Panagrolaimidae, Diplogastridae) followed by the bacterial-feeding general opportunists (cp-2) (Cephalobidae) and the fungal-feeding general opportunists (Aphelenchoididae). Thereafter, during the cooling and maturation stage, the bacterial-feeding-predator opportunistic nematodes (Mononchoides sp.) became dominant. Finally, at the most mature stage, the fungal-feeding Anguinidae (mainly Ditylenchus filimus) were most present. Both, the Maturity Index (MI) and the fungivorous/bacterivorous ratio (f/b ratio), increase as the compost becomes more mature (ranging, respectively, from 1 to 1.86 and from 0 to 11.90). Based on these results, both indices are suggested as potential suitable tools to assess compost maturity. (C) 2009 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.1 aSteel, H.1 ade la Pena, E.1 aFonderie, P.1 aWillekens, K.1 aBorgonie, G.1 aBert, W.  uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/8801562nas a2200241   4500008004100000020001400041245014700055210006900202260000800271300001200279490000800291520083200299100001601131700001401147700001401161700001501175700001801190700001701208700001701225700001501242700001701257856004601274       2009                        eng d  a0949-944X00aEmbryonic origins of hull cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lignano through cell lineage analysis: developmental and phylogenetic implications0 aEmbryonic origins of hull cells in the flatworm Macrostomum lign  cAug  a409-4170 v2193 aThe development of macrostomid flatworms is of interest for evolutionary developmental biology research because these taxa combine characteristics of the canonical spiral cleavage pattern with significant deviations from this pattern. One such deviation is the formation of hull cells, which surround the remaining embryonic primordium during early development. Using live observations with a 4D microscope system, histology, and 3D reconstructions, we analyzed the ontogeny of these hull cells in the macrostomid model organism Macrostomum lignano. Our cell lineage analysis allowed us to find the precursors of the hull cells in this species. We discuss the relation between macrostomid development and the development of other spiralians and the question of whether hull cells are homologous within rhabditophoran flatworms.1 aWillems, M.1 aEgger, B.1 aWolff, C.1 aMouton, S.1 aHouthoofd, W.1 aFonderie, P.1 aCouvreur, M.1 aArtois, T.1 aBorgonie, G.  uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/10800577nas a2200169   4500008004100000245012600041210006900167490001300236100001700249700001700266700001700283700001800300700001400318700001700332700001300349856004500362       2012                        eng d00aMaxillary granulomatous inflammation caused by <i>Halicephalobus gingivalis</i> (Nematoda) in a Connemara mare in Belgium0 aMaxillary granulomatous inflammation caused by iHalicephalobus g0 vin press1 aFonderie, P.1 ade Vries, C.1 aVerryken, K.1 aDucatelle, R.1 aMoens, T.1 avan Loon, G.1 aBert, W.  uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/6602019nas a2200193   4500008004100000020001400041245011300055210006900168260000800237300001400245490000800259520143300267100001701700700001301717700001801730700001801748700001401766856004501780       2012                        eng d  a0031-182000aAnthelmintic tolerance in free-living and facultative parasitic isolates of Halicephalobus (Panagrolaimidae)0 aAnthelmintic tolerance in freeliving and facultative parasitic i  cSep  a1301-13080 v1393 aStudies on anthelmintic resistance in equine parasites do not include facultative parasites. Halicephalobus gingivalis is a free-living bacterivorous nematode and a known facultative parasite of horses with a strong indication of some form of tolerance to common anthelmintic drugs. This research presents the results of an in vitro study on the anthelmintic tolerance of several isolates of Halicephalobus to thiabendazole and ivermectin using an adaptation of the Micro-Agar Larval Development Test hereby focusing on egg hatching and larval development. Panagrellus redivivus and Panagrolaimus superbus were included as a positive control. The results generally show that the anthelmintic tolerance of Halicephalobus to both thiabendazole and ivermectin was considerably higher than that of the closely related Panagrolaimidae and, compared to other studies, than that of obligatory equine parasites. Our results further reveal a remarkable trend of increasing tolerance from fully free-living isolates towards horse-associated isolates. In vitro anthelmintic testing with free-living and facultative parasitic nematodes offers the advantage of observing drug effect on the complete life cycle as opposed to obligatory parasites that can only be followed until the third larval stage. We therefore propose Halicephalobus gingivalis as an experimental tool to deepen our understanding of the biology of anthelmintic tolerance.1 aFonderie, P.1 aBert, W.1 aHendrickx, F.1 aHouthoofd, W.1 aMoens, T.  uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/6702188nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245006700055210006700122260000800189300001200197490000800209520159800217100001401815700001701829700001801846700001701864700001701881700001401898700001301912856004501925       2013                        eng d  a1077-830600aSurvival and colonization of nematodes in a composting process0 aSurvival and colonization of nematodes in a composting process  cJun  a108-1190 v1323 aNematodes are omnipresent in composts and are active in virtually all stages of the composting process. Major shifts in species composition, life strategies, and feeding behavior occur during the composting process. Due to the heat peak, nematodes can be virtually absent, but several taxa appear immediately when the temperatures drop. These comprise both taxa present before the heat peak and new taxa. However, it is not known how nematodes populate the compost. In this study, we aimed to assess the survival and colonization capacity of nematodes in compost. Our results showed that composting processes inaccessible to insects or not in contact with soil did not significantly influence nematode succession during composting. However, differences between treatments were found for some specific taxa (i.e., for Acrostichus sp., Neodiplogasteridae sp., Nygolaimoides sp., and Rhabditidae sp. 1), illustrating the importance of insects for the dispersal of nematodes to compost. Experiments in the lab with the blue bottle fly as a possible carrier demonstrated actual transport of nematodes isolated from compost by the fly (i.e., Halicephalobus cfr. gingivalis, Diploscapter coronatus, Diplogasteritus sp., Acrostichus sp., and Mesorhabditis sp.). Juveniles and dauer stages of Aphelenchoides sp., Panagrolaimus sp., and rhabditids survived an experimentally induced temperature peak, while members of Tylenchidae did not. In conclusion, our results indicate that the rapidly changing nematode community in compost is the result of both differential survival and colonization capacities.1 aSteel, H.1 aVerdoodt, F.1 aCerevkova, A.1 aCouvreur, M.1 aFonderie, P.1 aMoens, T.1 aBert, W.  uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/4302834nas a2200373   4500008004500000020001400045245016900059210006900228300001200297490000700309520170600316653002302022653000902045653002402054653002602078653001402104653002502118653001102143653001402154653002802168653001602196653002602212653000702238653002902245653003002274653001502304653002402319653001402343100001702357700001402374700001402388700001302402856004502415       2013                        Engldsh    a1388-554500aExperimental induction of intraspecific morphometric variability in a single population of Halicephalobus cf. gingivalis may surpass total interspecific variability0 aExperimental induction of intraspecific morphometric variability  a529-5440 v153 aAlthough molecular techniques are revolutionising nematode taxonomy, morphological data still form the basis of nematode species descriptions. However, morphological characters show a natural variability that should be taken into account before describing new species. The current study presents the results of an elaborate morphometric study of Halicephalobus cf. gingivalis, including 15 measurements and 13 indices of 540 specimens, the progeny of a single parthenogenetic female and cultured under different temperature and food conditions and measured in different adult age groups, i.e., young adults with a developed vulva but before the onset of oviposition, adults laying eggs, and old, post-reproductive adults near the end of their life cycle. The morphometric characters were analysed using both univariate (analysis of variance) and multivariate (principal components and canonical discriminant analysis) techniques. The main results reveal that the morphometric characters most used in Halicephalobus identification keys have a huge variability within a single progeny, e.g., body length 1.9 times longer than the shortest or ratio VA/tail length 3.9 times larger than the smallest. This variability has a magnitude that has not been observed in nematodes before. Further, by changing the environmental factors, the morphometric characters are influenced to an extent that one could assign - with seemingly 'statistical support' - different 'species' of the genus to different subpopulations. With this experimental study we provide convincing elements to advocate an integrative taxonomic approach and to discourage the description of new species based only on morphometric differences.10aAPHELENCHUS-AVENAE10aBODY10aCALORIC RESTRICTION10aenvironmental factors10aINFECTION10aINTEGRATIVE TAXONOMY10aLENGTH10aMicronema10aMORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION10amorphometry10amultivariate analysis10aN.10aNEMATODA PANAGROLAIMIDAE10aPRATYLENCHUS-VULNUS ALLEN10aRHABDITIDA10aunivariate analysis10avariation1 aFonderie, P.1 aSteel, H.1 aMoens, T.1 aBert, W.  uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/5001529nas a2200217   4500008004100000020001400041245011900055210006900174260000800243300001200251490000700263520088300270100001701153700001701170700001701187700001801204700001401222700001701236700001301253856004501266       2013                        eng d  a0737-080600aMaxillary Granulomatous Inflammation Caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda) in a Connemara Mare in Belgium0 aMaxillary Granulomatous Inflammation Caused by Halicephalobus gi  cMar  a186-1900 v333 aA 5-year-old anorexic and lethargic Connemara mare presented with severe facial swelling and dyspnea. No distinct central nervous symptoms were present. Radiographs of the skull showed diffuse radiolucency with loss of definition of the periodontal lamina dura and swelling of the decalcified nasal bones. Given the severe bone damage and its poor general condition, the pony was euthanized. Histological evaluation of the lesion revealed a granulomatous reaction with numerous sections of adult and juvenile nematodes, which were morphologically and molecularly identified as Halicephalobus gingivalis. The position of this facultative parasite within its free-living congeners is reviewed in this article, and the possible infection routes are discussed. This report presents the first record of equine halicephalobiasis in Belgium. (C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.1 aFonderie, P.1 ade Vries, C.1 aVerryken, K.1 aDucatelle, R.1 aMoens, T.1 avan Loon, G.1 aBert, W.  uhttps://nematodes.myspecies.info/node/51