@article {149,
	title = {The somatic female gonad of Cephalobidae (Nematoda): cellular architecture and associated function},
	journal = {NematologyNematology},
	volume = {9},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Unit, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 46 197FO BRILL ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS PLANTIJNSTRAAT 2, P O BOX 9000, 2300 PA LEIDEN, NETHERLANDS LEIDEN Part 2},
	pages = {285-297},
	abstract = {The female reproductive system of the free-living nematode family Cephalobidae is examined by means of differential interference contrast, scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy. The model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and the predatory nematode Prionchulus punctatus are also included in this study; the former mainly to test our results with the very detailed knowledge of this model organism, the latter to provide a representative of the more distantly related Enoplea. In this comparative approach, the analysed gonad structures are discussed with respect to their functional and phylogenetic significance. The general cellular composition of the cephalobid gonad - namely an oviduct comprising two rows of four cells, a distinctly offset spermatheca consisting of 8-16 cells, and a uterus composed of distinct cell rows - differs from all known Nematoda except that of the plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. Despite the striking evolutionary conservation of the cellular architecture of the cephalobid gonad there is a complex subcellular specialisation, namely a significant and functionally relevant variation in myofilament organisation, both among Cephalobidae and between major groups of nematodes. We demonstrate the presence of microfilaments that vary in pattern among species and that may play an important role in egg propulsion. The phenomenon of endotokia matricida, in which eggs do not leave the female body, is found to be associated with a massive rupture of the cytoskeleton in the uterus wall. The complexity of the myofibril structure and the associated potential to propagate oocytes actively cannot be solely explained by differences in phylogenetic history, but is also linked to body diameter. In the larger Acrobeloides maximus, the proximal end of the ovary sheath is adorned with 12 distinct longitudinal bands, antibody binding positively for paramyosin, while in the smaller Cephalobus cubaensis myofilament organisation is at random},
	keywords = {Acrobeloides, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis-elegans, CALIFORNIA, CELLS, CEPHALOBIDAE, Cephalobus, Chiloplacus, cytoskeleton, Evolution, FAMILY, gonad, gonoduct, HERMAPHRODITE, LINEAGES, microscopy, MODEL, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, paramyosin, PHYLOGENETIC SIGNIFICANCE, Prionchulus, propulsion, REDESCRIPTION, REPRODUCTIVE-SYSTEM, SPERMATHECA, THORNE, TYLENCHIDA, Zeldia},
	isbn = {1388-5545},
	author = {Bert, W. and Vangestel, S. and Houthoofd, W. and Van Gansbeke, R. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {150,
	title = {Nematode communities of small farmland ponds},
	journal = {HydrobiologiaHydrobiologia},
	volume = {583},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 0 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 58 152JQ SPRINGER VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS DORDRECHT},
	pages = {91-105},
	abstract = {The nematofauna of 14 farmland ponds, selected according to a gradient of surrounding agricultural land-use intensity, from five regions in North-West of Belgium were studied. The total nematode density (9-411 ind./10 cm(2) per pond), and especially the number of species (4-12 species per pond) was especially low in these ponds. In total, 17 genera of free-living benthic nematodes, belonging to 15 families, are identified. Tobrilus gracilis and Eumonhystera filiformis were the most common species and were found in 13 and 12 of the 14 sampled ponds, respectively. The genera Tobrilus and Eumonhystera jointly comprise 77\% of the total nematofauna. Consequently, the investigated water bodies were dominated by deposit feeding Monhysteridae and/or by chewing Tobrilidae. Diplogasteridae and Rhabditidae, normally related with eutrophic habitats, were almost absent. In order to explain the variation of total density, diversity, feeding-types composition and the individual density of the six most important species within ponds as well, sets of environmental variables were statistically selected. It was demonstrated that morphologically very similar species can show highly different ecological properties. The presence of a substantial mud layer and of an overall high level of eutrophication as well as the presence of possibly associated anaerobic conditions are put forward as the main factors explaining the observed low density and diversity. Total phosphate concentration and sediment characteristics seem to be the most important variables to explain the nematode community structure. However, a clear pattern of environmental variables, agricultural land use and nematode assemblages was not observed},
	keywords = {BENTHIC NEMATODES, diversity, ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS, FAMILY, FREE-LIVING NEMATODES, freshwater, LIFE-HISTORY, MATURITY INDEX, meiofauna, NATIONAL-PARK BERCHTESGADEN, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, OLIGOTROPHIC LAKE KONIGSSEE, pool, SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION, SOUTHWEST GERMANY, SUBMOUNTAIN CARBONATE STREAM, water body},
	isbn = {0018-8158},
	author = {Bert, W. and Messiaen, M. and Hendrickx, F. and Manhout, J. and De Bie, T. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {153,
	title = {Different roads to form the same gut in nematodes},
	journal = {Evolution \& DevelopmentEvolution \& Development},
	volume = {8},
	number = {4},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 1 Article English Borgonie, G Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, KL Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 40 058HC BLACKWELL PUBLISHING 9600 GARSINGTON RD, OXFORD OX4 2DQ, OXON, ENGLAND OXFORD},
	pages = {362-369},
	abstract = {The morphogenesis of a gut from the endoderm has been well studied among the animal kingdom and is also well described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. But are there other ways to build a nematode intestine? Sulston et al. (1983) described a different intestinal cell lineage in the species Panagrellus redivivus and Turbatrix aceti that includes two programmed cell deaths. However, no details are known about the three-dimensional (3D) configuration and the role of the cell deaths. Here, we describe the intestinal morphogenesis of P. redivivus and five other nematode species by means of four-dimensional microscopy, which gives us a 3D representation of gut formation at the cellular level. The morphological pathway of gut formation is highly conserved among these distantly related species. However, we found the P. redivivus pattern in another related species Halicephalobus gingivalis. In this pattern, the intestinal precursors migrate inward in concert with the mesoderm precursors. Based on the observations, we propose a hypothesis that could explain the differences. The positions of the mesoderm precursors create a possible spatial constraint, by which the establishment of bilateral symmetry in the intestine is delayed. This symmetry is corrected by cell migrations; other cells are eliminated and compensated by supplementary cell divisions. This pattern leads to the same result as in the other nematodes: a bilateral symmetrical intestine with nine rings. This illustrates how conserved body plans can be achieved by different developmental mechanisms},
	keywords = {C-ELEGANS, Caenorhabditis, Caenorhabditis elegans, caenorhabditis-elegans, CELLS, EMBRYOGENESIS, EMBRYONIC-CELL LINEAGE, Evolution, FATE, INDUCTION, microscopy, MODEL, NEMATODE, nematodes, SPECIFICATION},
	isbn = {1520-541X},
	author = {Houthoofd, W. and Willems, M. and Vangestel, S. and Mertens, C. and Bert, W. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {158,
	title = {Evolutionary loss of parasitism by nematodes? Discovery of a free-living filaroid nematode},
	journal = {Journal of ParasitologyJournal of Parasitology},
	volume = {92},
	number = {3},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Times Cited: 2 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 15 065CD AMER SOC PARASITOLOGISTS 810 EAST 10TH STREET, LAWRENCE, KS 66044 USA LAWRENCE},
	pages = {645-647},
	abstract = {A cattle-drinking pool in nature reserve "Zwin" on the Belgian coast contained free-living third-stage infective filaroid juveniles. These juveniles clearly differ morphologically from all known nematodes. Morphological and molecular analyses indicate a position within the Filaroidea. The aberrant biology of this nematode, namely. a free-living stage in ail aquatic environment. is unknown within this superfamily. and the evolution of the parasitic phenotype to a free-living state is generally thought to be unlikely. However, the obtained placement in the small subunit molecular phylogenetic tree suggests that this free-living stage is most likely a secondary adaptation. It is reasonable to assert that nematodes with complex life cycles still have the genetic potential for a reversion from parasitism to a (partial) free-living stage},
	keywords = {Evolution, NEMATODE, nematodes, pool, SEQUENCE},
	isbn = {0022-3395},
	author = {Bert, W. and Messiaen, M. and Manhout, J. and Houthoofd, W. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {139,
	title = {Molecular phylogeny of the Tylenchina and evolution of the female gonoduct (Nematoda : Rhabditida)},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {48},
	number = {2},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Times Cited: 1 Article English Bert, W Univ Ghent, Dept Biol, Nematol Sect, Ledeganckstr 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium Cited References Count: 82 339CQ ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SAN DIEGO},
	pages = {728-744},
	abstract = {Tylenchina are a morphologically and functionally diverse group of nematode species that range from free-living bacteriovores, over transitory grazing root-hair feeders to highly specialized plant-parasites with complex host associations. We performed phylogenetic analyses of small subunit rDNA sequences from 97 species including an analysis that account for the RNA secondary structure in the models of evolution. The present study confirms the sister relationship of the bacteriovore Cephalobiclae with the predominantly plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. All analyses appoint the fungal-feeding Aphelenchidae and Aphelenchoididae as being polyphyletic but the morphology based hypothesis of their monophyly could not be significantly rejected. Within the Tylenchomorpha, the families that exclusively parasitize higher plants are joined in a single clade. However, only the monophyletic position of the (super)families Hoplolaimidae and Criconematoidea were supported; Anguinidae, Tylenchidae, Belonolaimidae and Pratylenchidae appeared to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Parsimony and likelihood ancestral state reconstruction revealed that burrowing endoparasitism and sedentary encloparasitism each evolved, respectively, at least six and at least three times independently, mostly from migratory ectoparasitic ancestors. Only root-knot nematodes have evolved from burrowing endoparasitic nematodes. Traditional classifications are partially misled by this convergent evolution of feeding type and associated morphology. Contrastingly, mapping attributes of the gonoduct cellular architecture, including newly obtained data of 18 species belonging to the Aphelenchoidea, Criconematoidea, Anguinidae and Panagrolaimidae, revealed a broad congruence of the gonoduct characters and the molecular phylogenetic hypothesis. Yet, the presence of an offset spermatheca and proliferation of uterus cells has evolved multiple times, the latter associated with derived endoparasitic feeding specialization and resulting reproduction mode. Ancestral state reconstruction further revealed that the gonoduct of the morphologically and ecologically dissimilar tylenchid and cephalobid nematodes evolved from a common ancestor. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved},
	keywords = {analysis, ANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATES, ancestral state reconstruction, Bayesian inference, Belgium, Belonolaimidae, caenorhabditis-elegans, CELLS, CEPHALOBINA NEMATODA, CLASSIFICATION, D2-D3 EXPANSION SEGMENTS, DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY, doublet model, EMBRYONIC CELL LINEAGES, Evolution, FAMILY, feeding type, gonad, gonoduct, Hoplolaimidae, long branch attraction, MODEL, MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY, morphology, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, parsimony, PHYLOGENIES, phylogeny, plant-parasitic nematodes, RHABDITIDA, ribosomal DNA, RIBOSOMAL-RNA, secondary structure model, SEQUENCE, SEQUENCES, SPERMATHECA, TYLENCHIDA, Tylenchidae, TYLENCHOIDEA NEMATODA},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Bert, W. and Leliaert, F. and Vierstraete, A. R. and Vanfleteren, J. R. and Borgonie, G.}
}
@article {141,
	title = {An improved molecular phylogeny of the Nematoda with special emphasis on marine taxa},
	journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and EvolutionMolecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
	volume = {42},
	number = {3},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Times Cited: 2 Review English Meldal, B. H. M Univ Cambridge, Hutchison MRC Res Ctr, Dept Oncol, Addenbrookes Hosp, Hills Rd, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, England Cited References Count: 102 157KB ACADEMIC PRESS INC ELSEVIER SCIENCE 525 B ST, STE 1900, SAN DIEGO, CA 92101-4495 USA SAN DIEGO},
	pages = {622-636},
	abstract = {Phylogenetic reconstructions of relations within the phylum Nematoda are inherently difficult but have been advanced with the introduction of large-scale molecular-based techniques. However, the most recent revisions were heavily biased towards terrestrial and parasitic species and greater representation of clades containing marine species (e.g. Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Desmodorida, Desmoscolecida, Enoplida, and Monhysterida) is needed for accurate coverage of known taxonomic diversity. We now add small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences for 100 previously un-sequenced species of nematodes, including 46 marine taxa. SSU rDNA sequences for > 200 taxa have been analysed based on Bayesian inference and LogDet-transformed distances. The resulting phylogenies provide support for (i) the re-classification of the Secernentea as the order Rhabditida that derived from a common ancestor of chromadorean orders Araeolaimida, Chromadorida, Desmodorida, Desmoscolecida, and Monhysterida and (ii) the position of Bunonema close to the Diplogasteroidea in the Rhabditina. Other, previously controversial relationships can now be resolved more clearly: (a) Alaimus, Campydora, and Trischistoma belong in the Enoplida, (b) Isolaimium is placed basally to a big clade containing the Axonolaimidae, Plectidae, and Rhabditida, (c) Xyzzors belongs in the Desmodoridae, (d) Comesomatidae and Cyartonema belongs in the Monhysterida, (e) Globodera belongs in the Hoplolaimidae and (0 Paratylenchus dianeae belongs in the Criconematoidea. However, the SSU gene did not provide significant support for the class Chromadoria or clear evidence for the relationship between the three classes, Enoplia, Dorylaimia, and Chromadoria. Furthermore, across the whole phylum, the phylogenetically informative characters of the SSU gene are not informative in a parsimony analysis, highlighting the short-comings of the parsimony method for large-scale phylogenetic modelling. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved},
	keywords = {Adenophorea, analysis, Bayesian inference, BAYESIAN-INFERENCE, Chromadorea, CLASSIFICATION, DNA, DORYLAIMIDA, Enoplea, Evolution, FOSSIL EVIDENCE, Globodera, Hoplolaimidae, LogDet transformation, marine nematodes, MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA, N-SP, Nematoda, NEMATODE, nematodes, parsimony, phylogenetic reconstruction, PHYLOGENIES, phylogeny, PHYLUM NEMATODA, RHABDITIDA, RIBOSOMAL-RNA GENE, Secernentea, SEQUENCES, SSU rDNA, systematics, taxonomy},
	isbn = {1055-7903},
	author = {Meldal, B. H. M. and Debenham, N. J. and De Ley, P. and De Ley, I. T. and Vanfleteren, J. R. and Vierstraete, A. R. and Bert, W. and Borgonie, G. and Moens, T. and Tyler, P. A. and Austen, M. C. and Blaxter, M. L. and Rogers, A. D. and Lambshead, P. J. D.}
}
